Electrodes with hollow nanotubes improve performance of potassium-ion batteries

Researchers who are working to find alternatives to lithium-ion batteries have turned their attention to potassium-ion batteries. Potassium is an abundant resource, and the technology functions in much the same way as lithium-ion batteries, but these batteries have not been developed at a large scale because the ionic radius causes problems in energy storage and substandard electrochemical performance.

To solve this problem, researchers are considering NiCo₂Se₄, a bimetallic selenide, to create sphere-shaped electrodes. The spheres are constructed with NiCo₂Se₄ nanotubes, which improve the electrochemical reactivity for faster transfer and storage of potassium ions.

The research was presented in a paper published in Energy Materials and Devices on 14 September.

"Bimetallic selenides combine the ameliorating features of two metals, which synergize by showing rich redox reaction sites and high electrochemical activities. One bimetallic selenide, NiCo₂Se₄, was previously studied for sodium storage, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysts and presents considerable potential for potassium ion storage.

"By synthesizing NiCo₂Se₄ using a two-step hydrothermal process, a nanotube structure with flower-like clusters develops, creating convenient channels for potassium ion/electron transfer," said Mingyue Wang, a researcher at the Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices at Xi'an Jiaotong University in Xi'an, China.

Initially, Ni-Co precursor spheres with solid nanoneedles are prepared. These spheres have a well-defined crystalline structure that is then exposed to selenide during a process called selenization. This process introduces selenium to the Ni-Co precursor, developing the NiCo₂Se₄ nanotube shell.

The hollow tubes form because of a phenomenon called the Kirkendall effect, which is when two metals move because of the difference in the diffusion rates of their atoms. These nanotubes are around 35 nanometers wide, giving enough space for the potassium ions and electrons to transfer.

Through a variety of tests and analysis, the researchers were able to confirm how well the NiCo₂Se₄ anodes could move and store potassium ions and electrons. They found that NiCo₂Se₄ has more active sites than other electrode materials, had uniformly distributed elements, and outperformed other electrodes that were tested during research.

"The NiCo₂Se₄ nanotube electrode presented a much better electrochemical performance in terms of cyclic stability and rate capability than other tested electrodes, including Ni₃Se₄ and Co₃Se₄. This is because the unique nanotube structure of NiCo₂Se₄ and the synergy offered by the co-presence of two metals," said Wang.

These monometallic counterparts, Ni₃Se₄ and Co₃Se₄ were not as successful as the bimetallic NiCo₂Se₄, simply because of the way the two metals (Ni and Co) interact together. NiCo₂Se₄ also had a higher capacity, which is very beneficial for maintaining cyclic stability and high-rate performance.

"This work offers new insights into the design of micro/nano-structured binary metal selenides as anodes for potassium-ion batteries with extraordinary potassium ion storage performance," said Wang.