April 17, 2023

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Quantum light source goes fully on-chip, bringing scalability to the quantum cloud

Artistic illustration of the chip-integrated quantum light source for the generation of entangled photons. Credit: Raktim Haldar/Michael Kues
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Artistic illustration of the chip-integrated quantum light source for the generation of entangled photons. Credit: Raktim Haldar/Michael Kues

An international team of researchers from Leibniz University Hannover (Germany), the University of Twente (Netherlands), and the start-up company QuiX Quantum has presented an entangled quantum light source fully integrated for the first time on a chip. The results of the study were published in the journal Nature Photonics.

"Our breakthrough allowed us to shrink the source size by a factor of more than 1,000, allowing reproducibility, stability over a longer time, scaling, and potentially mass-production. All these characteristics are required for real-world applications such as ," says Prof. Dr. Michael Kues, head of the Institute of Photonics, and board member of the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD at Leibniz University Hannover.

Quantum bits () are the basic building blocks of quantum computers and the quantum internet. Quantum light sources generate light quanta (photons) that can be used as . On-chip photonics has become a leading platform for processing optical quantum states as it is compact, robust, and allows to accommodate and arrange many elements on a . Here, light is directed on the chip through extremely compact structures, which are used to build photonic quantum computing systems. These are already accessible today through the cloud. Scalably implemented, they could solve tasks that are inaccessible to conventional computers due to their limited computing capacities. This superiority is referred to as quantum advantage.

The whole quantum light source fits on a chip smaller than a one-euro coin. The researchers reduced the size of the light source by a factor of more than 1,000 by using a novel "hybrid technology" that combines a laser made of indium phosphide and a filter made of silicon nitride on a single chip. The new light source is efficient and stable and can find applications to drive quantum computers or the quantum internet. Credit: Institute of Photonics/LUH
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The whole quantum light source fits on a chip smaller than a one-euro coin. The researchers reduced the size of the light source by a factor of more than 1,000 by using a novel "hybrid technology" that combines a laser made of indium phosphide and a filter made of silicon nitride on a single chip. The new light source is efficient and stable and can find applications to drive quantum computers or the quantum internet. Credit: Institute of Photonics/LUH

"Until now, quantum light sources required external, off-chip and bulky laser systems, which limited their use in the field. However, we overcome these challenges through a novel chip design and by exploiting different integrated platforms," says Hatam Mahmudlu, a Ph.D. student in Kues's team. Their new development, an electrically-excited, laser-integrated photonic quantum light source, fits entirely on a chip and can emit frequency-entangled qubit states.

"Qubits are very susceptible to . The chip must be driven by the laser field, completely free from noise, requiring an on-chip filter. Previously, it was a major challenge to integrate laser, filter, and a cavity on the same chip as there was no unique material that was efficient to build these different components," says Dr. Raktim Haldar, a Humboldt fellow in Kues's group.

The key was the "hybrid technology" that combines the laser made of , a filter, and a cavity made of silicon nitride and brings them together into a single chip. On the chip, in a spontaneous nonlinear process, two photons are created from a laser field. Each photon spans a range of colors simultaneously, which is called "superposition," and the colors of both photons are correlated, i.e., the photons are entangled and can store quantum information. "We achieve remarkable efficiencies and state qualities required for application in quantum computers or the quantum internet," says Kues.

They developed the new integrated quantum light source (from left): Prof. Dr Michael Kues, head of the Institute of Photonics and board member of the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD at Leibniz University Hannover, with doctoral student Hatam Mahmudlu and Humboldt fellow Dr. Raktim Haldar. Credit: Sonja Smalian/PhoenixD
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They developed the new integrated quantum light source (from left): Prof. Dr Michael Kues, head of the Institute of Photonics and board member of the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD at Leibniz University Hannover, with doctoral student Hatam Mahmudlu and Humboldt fellow Dr. Raktim Haldar. Credit: Sonja Smalian/PhoenixD

"Now we can integrate the laser with other components on a chip so that the whole quantum source is smaller than a one-euro coin. Our tiny device could be considered a step towards quantum advantage on a chip with photons. Unlike Google, which currently uses super-cold qubits in cryogenic systems, the quantum advantage could be achieved with such photonic systems on a chip even at room temperature," says Haldar.

The scientists also expect their discovery to help lower the production costs of applications. "We can imagine that our quantum light source will soon be a fundamental component of programmable photonic quantum processors," says Kues.

Prof. Dr. Michael Kues is head of the Institute of Photonics and a board member of the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD: Photonics, Optics, and Engineering—Innovation across Disciplines at Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.

More information: Raktim Haldar, Fully on-chip photonic turnkey quantum source for entangled qubit/qudit state generation, Nature Photonics (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01193-1. www.nature.com/articles/s41566-023-01193-1

Journal information: Nature Photonics

Provided by Leibniz University Hannover

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