Chemical juggling with three particles

Chemical juggling with three particles
Dr. Andreas Gansäuer and Anastasia Panfilova during epoxy hydrogenation at the Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Bonn. Credit: Volker Lannert/Uni Bonn

Chemists from the University of Bonn and their U.S. colleagues at Columbia University in New York have discovered a novel mechanism in catalysis that allows the cheap, environmentally friendly synthesis of certain alcohols. The reaction follows a previously unknown pattern in which hydrogen is split into three components in a time-coordinated manner. More than five years passed between the idea and its practical realization. The results are published in Science.

Alcohols are common chemical compounds which, in addition to carbon and hydrogen, contain at least one OH group. They serve as starting materials for a whole series of chemical syntheses and are often produced directly from olefins by addition of water. Olefins are hydrocarbons with a double bond available from oil. The water molecule serves as a "donor" of the OH-group characteristic of alcohols.

This synthesis is simple and efficient, but it has a decisive disadvantage: It can only be used to produce certain alcohols, the so-called Markovnikov alcohols. The OH group cannot simply be attached to any position of the olefin—one of two positions is excluded. "We have now found a new catalytic method that can produce exactly these 'impossible' alcohols," says Prof. Dr. Andreas Gansäuer.

Gansäuer works at the Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Bonn. The idea for the new synthesis emerged in a 2013 collaboration with the group of Prof. Dr. Jack Norton of Columbia University in New York. However, it took almost five years until the synthesis of the so-called anti-Markovnikov using the new catalytic system worked well enough to be published.

Acceleration and slowing down by the catalysts' ligands

The process has an unusual reaction mechanism. Epoxides, common and valuable intermediate products of the chemical industry, serve as starting materials. Epoxides can be produced by adding an (chemical symbol: O) to olefins. If they are allowed to react with hydrogen molecules (H2), the oxygen becomes an OH group. Normally, with this approach only Markovnikov alcohols are produced.

"In our reaction, however, we successively transfer the hydrogen in three parts," explains Gansäuer. "First, a negatively charged electron, then a neutral hydrogen atom and finally a positively charged ion, a proton. We use two catalysts, one of which contains titanium and the other chromium. This allows us to convert epoxides into anti-Markovnikov alcohols." The timing of the entire process must be strictly coordinated—as in juggling, in which each ball has to maintain a specified flight duration. To achieve this, the chemists had to synchronize the speed of three catalytic reactions. To this end, they attached the "right" ligands, molecules that control the metals' reactivity, to the titanium and chromium atoms.

Until now, anti-Markovnikov alcohols have been produced through a so-called hydroboration followed by an oxidation. However, this reaction is relatively complex and not particularly sustainable. The new mechanism, on the other hand, does not produce any byproducts and is thus practically waste-free. "Titanium and chromium are also very common metals, unlike many other noble metals that are often used in catalysis," Gansäuer emphasizes.

In 2013, Norton and Gansäuer submitted their idea to a call for proposals on sustainable catalysis by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), winning first place. The project was largely financed with the grant money. "But the good cooperation within my institute has certainly also contributed to the success," emphasizes Gansäuer. "For instance, I had access not only to the institute's resources, but also to equipment of the other groups from Bonn."

More information: Chengbo Yao et al. Anti-Markovnikov alcohols via epoxide hydrogenation through cooperative catalysis, Science (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3913

Journal information: Science

Provided by University of Bonn

Citation: Chemical juggling with three particles (2019, May 24) retrieved 19 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2019-05-chemical-particles.html
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