Origin of minor planets' rings revealed

Origin of minor planets’ rings revealed
Figure 1: (left) Visualization of Chariklo and its rings, provided by the European Southern Observatory (http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1410b/). Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/M. Kornmesser/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org). (right) Visualization of the rings as seen from Chariklo’s surface, provided by the European Southern Observatory (https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1410a/) Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org).

A team of researchers has clarified the origin of the rings recently discovered around two minor planets known as centaurs, and their results suggest the existence of rings around other centaurs. These findings were published on August 29 in Astrophysical Journal Letters, and introduced in AAS Nova, a website for research highlights from the journals of the American Astronomical Society.

The lead author of the paper is HYODO Ryuki (Kobe University Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science), and co-authors are Professor Sébastien Charnoz (Institute de Physique du Globe/Université Paris Diderot), Project Associate Professor GENDA Hidenori (Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology), and Professor OHTSUKI Keiji (Kobe University Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science).

Centaurs are that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, their current or past orbits crossing those of the . It is estimated that there are around 44,000 centaurs with diameters larger than one kilometer.

Until recently it was thought that the four giants such as Saturn and Jupiter were the only ringed celestial bodies within our solar system. However, in 2014 observations of stellar occultation (an event that occurs when light from a star is blocked from the observer by a celestial body) by multiple telescopes revealed that rings exist around the centaur Chariklo (see Figure 1). Soon after this, scientists discovered that rings likely exist around another centaur, Chiron, but the origin of the rings around these minor planets remained a mystery.

Origin of minor planets’ rings revealed
Figure 2: Examples of snapshots of simulations with different initial conditions. The center of each panel shows a centaur after being partially destroyed, and the fragments around it distributed in a disc shape, from which observed rings are expected to form (from Hyodo et al. 2016, Astrophysical Journal Letter 828, L8)

The team began by estimating the probability that these centaurs passed close enough to the giant planets to be destroyed by their tidal pull. Their results showed that approximately 10% of centaurs would experience that level of close encounter. Next, they used computer simulations to investigate the disruption caused by tidal pull when the centaurs passed close by the giant planets. The outcome of such encounters was found to vary depending on parameters such as the initial spin of the passing centaur, the size of its core, and the distance of its closest approach to a giant planet (Figure 2). They found that if the passing centaur is differentiated and has a silicate core covered by an icy mantle, fragments of the partially-destroyed centaur will often spread out around the largest remnant body in a disc shape, from which rings are expected to form.

The results of their simulations suggest that the existence of rings around centaurs would be much more common than previously thought. It is highly likely that other centaurs with rings and/or small moons exist, awaiting discovery by future observations.

More information: Ryuki Hyodo et al. FORMATION OF CENTAURS' RINGS THROUGH THEIR PARTIAL TIDAL DISRUPTION DURING PLANETARY ENCOUNTERS, The Astrophysical Journal (2016). DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L8

Provided by Kobe University

Citation: Origin of minor planets' rings revealed (2016, September 16) retrieved 28 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2016-09-minor-planets-revealed.html
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