NASA gears up for airborne study of earth's radiation balance

(PhysOrg.com) -- NASA scientists have successfully completed flight tests in preparation for deployment of a multi-year airborne science campaign to study the humidity and chemical composition of air entering the tropical tropopause layer of the atmosphere. NASA's Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX) will conduct the science campaign over the Pacific Ocean from three locations in 2013 and 2014.

Studies have shown that even small changes in stratospheric humidity may have climate impacts that are significant compared to those of decadal increases in greenhouse gases. Predictions of stratospheric humidity changes are uncertain, due to gaps in the understanding of the physical processes occurring in the tropical tropopause layer, which ranges from about eight to 11 miles above the ground.

“These were test flights, although we did get science-quality data, including samples from tropical thin cirrus clouds at about 55,000 feet altitude,” said Leonhard Pfister, ATTREX deputy principal investigator at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. “These clouds regulate water vapor in the lower tropical stratosphere, which is important for Earth's radiation balance.”

Pfister will discuss the ATTREX mission goals, objectives and planned research flights at the Monday Dec. 5 afternoon poster session at the American Geophysical Union Fall meeting held at the Moscone Center, San Francisco, Calif.

Led by principal investigator Eric Jensen and project manager Dave Jordan of NASA Ames, scientists integrated instruments onto one of NASA's Global Hawk unmanned aircraft and verified their operation during four checkout flights from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards, Calif.

Eleven instruments were successfully installed aboard NASA’s Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft System, which is capable of 24 to 30 hours of flight. The instruments include remote sensors for measuring clouds and temperature above and below the aircraft as well as in situ instruments for measuring water vapor, cloud properties, meteorological conditions, radiation fields, and numerous trace gases. Test flights occurred Oct. 20 through Nov. 10 in the restricted area over Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. and the tropical eastern Pacific. On one long-duration fight, the aircraft flew farther south than any previous NASA Global Hawk science mission, reaching 6.5 degrees north latitude.

In addition to testing the instruments and obtaining preliminary science data, the flights were useful for evaluating the ability of the Global Hawk to operate at very cold temperatures encountered at high altitudes in the tropics.

The team consists of investigators from NASA (including the Ames, Dryden and Langley research centers, Goddard Space Flight Center, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), three universities and private industry. The specialized instruments include a lidar, a spectrometer, a photometer, a chromatograph, a radiometer, hygrometers and several sensors that collect atmospheric data.

The science team will return to NASA Dryden in January 2013 to begin collecting science data with deployments to the Pacific region continuing in January and June 2014. Scientists hope to use the data to improve global model predictions of stratospheric humidity and composition.

Jensen's proposal for ATTREX was competitively selected and is one of the first investigations in NASA’s new Venture-class series of low-to-moderate cost projects announced in May 2010. The Earth Venture missions are part of NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder program. These small, targeted science investigations complement NASA's larger science research satellite missions.