Most complete study on Europe's greatest hadrosaur site published

The Basturs Poble site is what is known in English as a bone bed, a geological stratum containing a great number of fossils. The stratum dates back some 70 million years. It is the only one to have been found in Europe exclusively containing hadrosaur remains. The excavations conducted during the past 10 years have yielded approximately 1000 fossils. The remains are disjointed and possibly belong to a single species: Pararhabdodon isonensis.

"We think the individuals died due to unfavourable environmental conditions, perhaps an extreme dry spell. After their death, the remains got washed away by water and then began to fossilise, but we know that the place where they died was not far away from the site," explains Víctor Fondevilla, researcher at the Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP) and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and first author of the paper.

The research, recently published in PLOS ONE, analysed 270 fossil remains at the site, including skulls, jaws, teeth, vertebrae and limb bones. They described and measured each specimen, and also analysed the interior of the fossils to extract information on the age of each individual.

"We can cut open the fossils and analyse their inner structure. It gives us a lot of information on the vital cycle of each of the animals," says ICREA research lecturer at ICP Meike Köhler. Similar to the rings of trees, in sections of elongated bones, there are lines of arrested growth (LAGs), which are indicators corresponding to the alternation between favourable and unfavourable periods. In this way, researchers can calculate at what age the specimen died.

Using this system, palaeontologists determined that the site contained a large number of young individuals and, to a lesser extent, sub-adults and adults. But no recently hatched dinosaur fossils were found. "We estimated that the youngest individuals died at two years of age and that the adults were 14 to 15," Fondevilla explains.

The fact that researchers found so many young samples makes them think that the accumulation of bones at Basturs Poble represents a natural population of herbivores, in which young individuals were more abundant. "It may also be that the abundance of young remains is due to these individuals being more vulnerable to crises and therefore dying in larger quantities than adults would," Fondevilla says.

Hadrosaurs, a Well-Known Group in Catalonia

Hadrosaurs, also known as duck-billed dinosaurs, are a group of ornithischian herbivorous dinosaurs that lived in the Late Cretaceous period. This is probably the most well-known group of dinosaurs. Subfamilies include the lambeosaurines, which can be found in Catalonia's sites. They characteristically had medium to large-sized bodies (weighing one kilogramme when hatching and reaching up to 3000 kilogrammes as adults), with smaller front limbs and larger hind limbs. This last trait made it possible for them to walk on two or four feet.

The skull is long and duck-bill shaped, and the jaw holds rows of stacked teeth. Their most distinctive characteristic was their cranial crest, formed by several more or less developed cranial bones. What the crest was used for remains unclear, but scientists believe it could have acted as a resonating chamber with which to amplify sounds and facilitate recognising members of the same species. Other hypotheses point to the possibility that only males had crests for the purpose of attracting females.

The Pararhabdodon isonensis species is only known to have existed in the Pallars Jussà region. The species was described in 1985 after the discovery of remains found at Sant Romà d'Abella and its specific name—isonensis—refers to the town of Isona located near the site. These dinosaurs measured from six to seven metres in length and it is estimated that the adults weighed some three tonnes.

The Pyrenees, Home to the Last Dinosaurs in Europe

Catalonia is very rich in fossiliferous sediment. Of the most relevant sites are the pre-Pyrennean basins, which conserve remains of different life forms from the Late Cretaceous Period (between 70 and 66 million years ago). In geological terms, that is very shortly before the great extinction that marked the end of many life forms, including non-avian dinosaurs. Located at the Pyrennean sites, therefore, are the last dinosaurs to have lived in Europe, a few hundreds of years before they disappeared from the world entirely.

The Basturs Poble site was located by scientific communicator Marc Boada in August 2001. Upon discovering fossils on the surface, he contacted palaeontologists from the Museum of Conca Dellà. A few months later, a palaeontology dig was conducted, which confirmed the exceptional nature of this site. After a first research dig, 12 more campaigns have been conducted as part of research projects led by Àngel Galobart, Head of the Mesozoic Fauna Research Group at ICP, and Rodrigo Gaete from the Museum of Conca Dellà.

The fossils found at Basturs Poble are conserved at the Museum of Conca Dellà. The museum's dinosaur exhibition hall contains a sample of the most outstanding bones found at the site and a life-size recreation of a Pararhabdodon isonensis dinosaur.