Oxidation and reduction are complementary electron-transfer processes that underpin redox chemistry and many biological and industrial transformations. Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons, an increase in oxidation state, or, in many covalent systems, gain of electronegative substituents (e.g., oxygen) or loss of electropositive ones (e.g., hydrogen). Reduction is the gain of electrons, a decrease in oxidation state, or the converse change in bonding pattern. In any redox reaction, electrons are conserved and transferred from a reductant (electron donor) to an oxidant (electron acceptor), often mediated by redox couples, half-reactions, and characterized quantitatively by standard reduction potentials.
The equilibrium between reducing species and oxidizing species within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in a majority of biological processes, especially the apoptotic cell death process. When the balance ...
Bio & Medicine
Oct 13, 2022
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As the need to mitigate climate change accelerates, scientists are trying to find new ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. One process, called electrochemical reduction or electrolysis, uses electricity and a catalyst ...
Nanomaterials
Sep 22, 2022
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83
Controlling the spin of electrons opens up future scenarios for applications in spin-based electronics (spintronics), for example in data processing. It also presents new opportunities for controlling the selectivity and ...
Nanophysics
Sep 22, 2022
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109
Current disinfection strategies have major drawbacks, which is why the World Health Organization does not advise routine spraying or fogging of biocidal agents, or UV light sterilization, in occupied areas. One possible alternative ...
Bio & Medicine
Jun 17, 2022
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270
Currently, electrocatalytic water splitting is one of the most inexpensive, clean, reliable, quiet and affordable industrial-grade efficient hydrogen (H2) production technologies. However, the most effective platinum (Pt) ...
Nanomaterials
Jun 6, 2022
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A Russian-Belorussian research team has developed a new tungsten oxide–based gas sensing material that shows high sensitivity to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and acetone. The new material's gas sensing response was nine ...
Nanomaterials
May 27, 2022
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122
A team of researchers affiliated with entities in the Czech Republic, Greece and Germany has developed a way to reduce nitroarenes to amines that does not produce toxic reagents and does not involve extreme conditions. They've ...
The key to chemical reactions is in the name—there needs to be something that causes the chemicals to react to one another. Called a catalyst, this component induces or speeds up reactions in a controlled manner to produce ...
Nanomaterials
Mar 23, 2022
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119
Aluminum is a highly reactive metal that can strip oxygen from water molecules to generate hydrogen gas. Its widespread use in products that get wet poses no danger because aluminum instantly reacts with air to acquire a ...
Nanomaterials
Feb 18, 2022
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861
In the chemical industry, the selective cleavage and oxidation of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds, called "oxidative C–H functionalization" is an essential step in the production of many solvents, polymers, and surfactants, as ...
Nanomaterials
Feb 7, 2022
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