The most distant mature galaxy cluster

how far is it?

"how far is it?"

The paper lists the redshift at z=2.09, which puts the distance to the protocluster ~10 billion light years(H=70): http://www.eso.or...1108.pdf

As noted in the paper, the distance and size of CL J1449 is comparable to the well known protocluster MRC 1138-262 (containing the Spiderweb Galaxy): http://www.esa.in...x_0.html

Doh! That should read z=2.07

how far is it?

Well, it says we are seeing it as it was when the universe was 3billion years old... So I guess it must be something like 10.7 billion light years away...

But yeah, kinda funny that the article is essentialy about how these guys have measured and calculated the distance - but then neglect to mention what it is :)

More 'early' mature clusters should be found in the future. More extremely distant 'bright' galaxies will likely also be found in the future. Fewer and fewer explanations will account for these Big Bang anomalies. Time to reconsider the fantasy, and consider the universe may in fact be flat and static, and very, very old.

Regarding Tuxford's comment. You guys should stop blamming something if it has logical thought processes/arguments in it. At one time, the scientific community thought that the edge of our galaxy was the edge of the universe. Yes, he may be obstinate in the way he says it, but differing opinions on science should be heard.

Now, I'm not saying that any aspect of current theory is wrong, although history points out that we are almost certainly wrong about something. I would like to point out that this "Mature" galaxy cluster is very faint, while "Young" quasars and such are very bright. It is very reasonable to assume that there is at least some kind of observational bias based on what we can see, even if it does not overthrow any theories.

Thanks Guy. I will try to add logic whenever I can. For example, recall this news from last spring: that time dilation in distant quasars is observed to be non-existent. If true, then I believe this overturns earlier contrary conclusions that were used to support the fantasy scenario.

http://www.physor...752.html

At least nobody is arguing that the universe is less than 10000 years old...

At least nobody is arguing that the universe is less than 10000 years old...

Five stars for that. Please keep religion out of physical sciences. It should only apply to sciences like archeology and sociology.

Just kidding. Sociology is hardly a science.

If the universe has an infinite extension then from any point in that universe and in any direction an observer looks/measures they will be at the event horizon of a Schwarzschild Black hole (low density black holes formed by the accumulation of matter and so gravity).

That means that the further away from any point of observation, the more redshifted the light will appear to be.

From any point in such a universe, space will appear to be expanding (or contracting away from the observer, as when the observer is at the event horizon of an ordinary black hole).

As the centre of the Schwarzschild black hole is equally distributed in every direction, no gravitational pull is experienced by the observer (unlike at the event horizon of a small dense Black hole).

In other words, an infinite universe should appear just like our current universe. Many mysteries (dark matter, dark energy, before the big bang etc) are replaced by one ie where does the CMBR come from and why?

As the centre of the Schwarzschild black hole is equally distributed in every direction, no gravitational pull is experienced by the observer (unlike at the event horizon of a small dense Black hole).

There's a big problem with this reasoning. You would need to delineate the properties and ratios of size. Beyond that you would have to physically quantify this from within a Black hole, which not even abstract mathematics can do.

In other words, an infinite universe should appear just like our current universe. Many mysteries (dark matter, dark energy, before the big bang etc) are replaced by one ie where does the CMBR come from and why?

That's a gigantic leap in logic and away from observation.

If the universe has an infinite extension then from any point in that universe and in any direction an observer looks/measures they will be at the event horizon of a Schwarzschild Black hole (low density black holes formed by the accumulation of matter and so gravity).

That means that the further away from any point of observation, the more redshifted the light will appear to be.

This is a fallacious argument. You are thinking of light being emitted by objects falling in to black holes, which is redshifted. However, most of the light will be from objects behind the black hole, light whose color will remain untouched (except for an equal amount of blue and red-shifting induced by the black hole's spin). In fact, the black holes will act as gravitational lenses - in an infinite, infinitely old universe there will always be something behind any black hole, so no matter where you looked you'd see the magnified image of something. Olber's paradox remains.

Skeptic Heretic and Barakn,
you've both assumed a small dense black hole and thus drifted way off my point. A Schwarzschild black hole can have any density at all eg a Schwarzschild black hole with a density of 1^-26 kg/m^3 would have a radius of 13.4 billion light years. I've given the density of baryonic matter in our universe.

The light coming from any massive body, say the earth, is red shifted as measured by an observer in space. This is called gravitational redshift. The greater the height above the earth, the less the redshift is as measured by that space observer.

Now if that observer was at the centre of a sphere/halo of massive bodies then that observer would measure redshift with distance from the observer in any direction.

With me so far?

cont...
Now if the universe was infinite then the accumulation of matter in any direction would form a Schwarzschild radius as calculated above.

As for the math:
Schwarzschild Radius:
r=2Gm/c^2=(3c^2/8Gdpi)^.5 where G=Gravitational Constant =6.67359*10^-11, m=mass in kg, c=speed of light, d=density in kg/m^3, result in meters (1 light year = 9.461*10^15m), equation gives radius for a given mass or a given density.

Note that with dark matter, the current universe would be Schwarzschild radius much smaller than 13.5 billion light years, so there can be no cold dark matter OR we can not possibly see across to the other side of the centre of the Schwarzschild radius.

Gravitational Redshift is given by:
=(1-(2Gm)/c^2r)^.5

where is the ratio between the observer's clock and the observed clock.

So we have your philosophical opposition to my argument, now let's see where you think my math is wrong...or is your opposition entirely philosophical???

@Barakn
Light is ever more redshifted with distance from the observer. For Olber's paradox to work there must be no red shift ie the light must retain it its energy level. Thus visible light emitted from 10 billion light years distant is not in the visible range. Eventually, light from a great enough distance would lose all its energy (in a flat universe).

But the universe isn't flat due to the Schwarzschild Radius, which causes RELATIVE curvature.

The only difference between my solution and the big bang universe is that at the threshold of the observable universe, galaxies observed at that distance will be no younger and no different to galaxies found locally, and this is what is actually observed eg
The most distant mature galaxy cluster
http://www.physor...ter.html
Massive galaxies formed when universe was young
http://www.physor...ung.html

My model is consistent with actual observations...

A Schwarzschild black hole can have any density at all

No. A Schwarzschild BH cannot have a density lower than that given by its mass and the volume of the Schwarzschild sphere.

Btw, a Schwarzschild BH is not to be expected in reality as the condition of a vanishing angular momentum is equivalent to an unstable equilibrium.

frajo,
the Schwarzschild equation I gave allows you to calculate a radius of ANY density. The volume and mass come out of the same equation, or are you saying that Schwarzschild's equation, r=2Gm/c^2=(3c^2/8Gdpi)^.5, is flawed????

Being unstable only means that a Schwarzschild black hole can not persist indefinitely, it does not mean it can't exist. Unstable particles, so unstable that they can exist for only tiny fractions of a second are non-the-less considered real particles ~ indeed, even resonances are considered real particles.

Show me the flaw in Schwarzschild's math. Otherwise, a Schwarzschild radius can have any density. If the mass or volume are not right then you don't have a Schwarzschild radius in the first place, thus your objection was circular and non-mathematical. (Or isn't physics based on math any more???)

the Schwarzschild equation I gave allows you to calculate a radius of ANY density. The volume and mass come out of the same equation, or are you saying that Schwarzschild's equation, r=2Gm/c^2=(3c^2/8Gdpi)^.5, is flawed????

You don't understand the Schwarzchild Metric.

The Schwarzchild solution to Einstein's field equations gives the metric, which determines that any non-rotating and non-charged mass that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius forms a black hole. Any physical object with R<RsubS becomes a blackhole.

There is no flaw in the Schwarzchild equations, only in your understanding of them.

the Schwarzschild equation I gave allows you to calculate a radius of ANY density. The volume and mass come out of the same equation,

You are confusing defining and defined entities: The radius of a sphere (partially) filled with matter does not depend on the matter density inside this sphere.
Rather, the (matter) density inside a sphere with a given radius is defined by the volume of the sphere and the mass within.

More succinct: Density follows from mass and radius. Radius does not follow from density.

And btw, the specific formula is irrelevant in this consideration.

Being unstable only means that a Schwarzschild black hole can not persist indefinitely, it does not mean it can't exist. Unstable particles, so unstable that they can exist for only tiny fractions of a second are non-the-less considered real particles

You are speaking of instability due to the weak force, aka radioactivity - I am not.
I'm speaking instead of the dynamical rotational instability of a physical system with "infalling" masses. For the system to remain in a non-rotating condition, the incoming masses would have to be distributed in perfect spherical symmetry.

a Schwarzschild radius can have any density

A physical radius is a physical extension of a physical object. While the physical object may have a (matter) density, an extension (of a physical object) like the physical radius cannot have a density.

Whether the radius in question is a Schwarzschild radius or not, is irrelevant in this consideration.

RKS, I think you need to recognize that we're not Yahoo groups. Most of us have a deep understanding of some aspect of the field or mathematics in general.

frajo, on density you are right, of course, but that has nothing to do with what we are discussing. We are considering the Schwarzschild radius which can be calculated for any given density or any given mass. Your point is entirely orthogonal to the discussion and irrelevant to it. We are talking about a particular radius of a spherical extension of matter from which light can not escape. The Schwarzschild calculation gives that radius (of any given density or any given mass). Once you have the radius and mass you can calculate the density or if you already know the density you can calculate the mass ~ what could be simpler than that??

Once you have the radius and mass you can calculate the density or if you already know the density you can calculate the mass ~ what could be simpler than that??

But this isn't what you're talking about.

A Schwarzchild radius is not a physical radius. This is your fundamental misunderstanding and it's a big one.

A schwarzchild radius for a given mass is the delineating limit that determines the critical density at which a singularity occurs. For example, for the Earth, the SR is 9mm. That means if you compressed all the mass of the Earth into a volume with a radius of 9mm, it would become a blackhole.

frajo,
why perfect symmetry in a universe sized Schwarzschild radius? It may collapse, but that would take billion of years. If there is enough matter the Schwarzschild radius is the result ~ think of an Olber's paradox using gravity instead of light...

fajo,

A physical radius is a physical extension of a physical object. While the physical object may have a (matter) density, an extension (of a physical object) like the physical radius cannot have a density.

So the universe doesn't have a density (despite the figure often being speculated???)

If we drop the density then we still have the calculation for any accumulated mass ie the sun would be about 3km. We can also consider much greater mass eg 8.5*10^52kg. Tells what the size of that black hole, just for interest sake...
Here's Schwarzschild's formula ~ r=2Gm/c^2, G =6.67359*10^-11. I get 13.4 billion light years...

Skeptic_Heretic

RKS, I think you need to recognize that we're not Yahoo groups. Most of us have a deep understanding of some aspect of the field or mathematics in general.

Great, then show where my math is wrong. And while you're at it, tell Astrophysicist Fulvio Melia who, in his book 'The Edge of Infinity: Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe', writes: "The Schwarzschild radius of a sphere with a uniform density equal to the critical density is equal to the radius of the visible universe". It depends on the figure you use for the density of the universe, but at 1*10^-26kg/m^3 that would be around 13 billion light years.

What Schwarzschild radius do you calculate for these estimations of the mass of the universe??? http://hypertextb...on.shtml Or was your claim to mathematical competence a little optimistic?

What Schwarzschild radius do you calculate for these estimations of the mass of the universe??? http://hypertextb...on.shtml Or was your claim to mathematical competence a little optimistic?

About 6 billion light years.

Again this shows YOUR inability to properly understand the content of what you've read. Space can be flat while spacetime is not.

According to the very equations that you are attempting to tout when r<r sub s the curvature becomes timelike and no longer couples to coordinate space.

Substantial misunderstanding further reinforced by your posting above.

Skeptic_Heretic

Galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and any collection of matter has an escape velocity. If that escape velocity reaches the speed of light then you have a Schwarzschild black hole. Sure, such a radius might collapse, but a universe sized, low density black hole would take billions of years to do so.

You are considering only the small dense collapsed mass (you're thinking 3mm, I'm thinking 13 billion light years ~ there's a difference). If we simply added matter to the surface of an Earth-like object then eventually the gravitational pull from that object would be strong enough to prevent light from escaping.

Just repeating that I am wrong only tells me and anybody else reading that you want me to be wrong, not that I am wrong. Show me the math, starting with Schwarzschild's elegant simplicity, with observations of scientists like Fulvio Melia, and tell us where we have erred...

And you have contradicted yourself ~ "A Schwarzchild radius is not a physical radius."

Sure, such a radius might collapse, but a universe sized, low density black hole would take billions of years to do so.

There is no such thing as a low density black hole.

And you have contradicted yourself ~ "A Schwarzchild radius is not a physical radius."

Absolutely no contradiction what so ever. The SR is a boundary condition for a given body of mass under which the density of that mass is so great as to create an event horizon. You don't seem to understand this.

You are considering only the small dense collapsed mass (you're thinking 3mm, I'm thinking 13 billion light years ~ there's a difference).

WTF are you talking about? Are you saying that if we took the Earth and expanded the radius of the body of mass so that it approached 13 billion light years that we'd create a Schwarzschild black hole? Are you a loon?

Skeptic_Heretic

About 6 billion light years

For all five figures given? Or did you average them??

r<r sub s

I'm not considering a radius less than the Schwarzschild radius, and your equation only refers to the coupling of an object with the space outside it. If the whole universe was a Schwarzschild radius then we'd be inside it, so your equation does not apply.

On my original point (of being at the event horizon of a Schwarzschild radius in every direction) the Schwarzschild radius is relative ie if you jump ten billion light years to the left then the universe (not the distribution of matter but the density, Hubble's constant, red shift with distance etc) would be much the same ie the universe would vary little from what we observe locally (in the universe visible to us, a little further after James Webb).

For all five figures given? Or did you average them??

There are only two relevant figures in determining a Schwarzschild radius. The mass and the density.

The given density of the observable universe is 3 x 10^-30 g/cm3
From which based on estimation of the size of the observable universe, the given mass for the observable Universe is 3 x 10^55 g

Do you take issue with this, or do you want me to do your math homework for you too?

I'm not considering a radius less than the Schwarzschild radius, and your equation only refers to the coupling of an object with the space outside it. If the whole universe was a Schwarzschild radius then we'd be inside it, so your equation does not apply.

Tell that to Schwarzschild, Eddington, and Krauss.

Skeptic_Heretic
Are you having to descend to insults? I said, and I quote,

If we simply added matter to the surface of an Earth-like object then eventually the gravitational pull from that object would be strong enough to prevent light from escaping.

I said nothing about expanding the Earth, only of adding matter to it. And yes, the escape velocity would eventually reach the speed of light. The equation is very simple equation ~
V=(2Gm/(R+h))^.5

Is this Zephir? Cadence doesn't match but the content is similar.

Are you having to descend to insults? I said, and I quote,

If we simply added matter to the surface of an Earth-like object then eventually the gravitational pull from that object would be strong enough to prevent light from escaping.

Ok but that's not correct. Simply 'adding matter' doesn't do anything. You need to increase density for a given volume, this can be done by adding mass to a fixed volume thereby increasing density or by decreasing volume for a fixed mass, which also increases density.

The ONLY thing that matters is density. There is no such thing as a low density blackhole. All blackholes are of a minimum density given by the Schwarzschild equations, hence my statement, that I still assert: You do not understand the Schwarzschild Metric.

Skeptic_Heretic
Your density figure is very low (3*10-27kg/m^3). Where does that come from? No dark matter?

Let's go with 6 billion lightyears. How dense would matter be in the Schwarzschild Black Hole you that you calculated ie radius of 6 billion light years, mass of 3*10^52kg. My math doesn't quite gell with your, so I'll give two versions (the Schwarzschild calculator I'm using could be off):
for a radius of 6 billion light years I get a density of 4.9kg/m^3 and a total mass of 3.8*10^52kg, or for a mass of 3.0*10^52kg I get a radius of 4.738 billion light years and a density of 8*10^-26 kg/m^3

Either way, the Schwarzschild radius that YOU calculated has a pretty low density...

Skeptic_Heretic
We're talking past each other on the Earth analogy. If I add matter of the same density as the Earth to the Earth's surface. That will also increase its radius, and as you calculated previously a low density Schwarzschild radius is possible (your 6 billion light year calculation has a density much lower than the matter on Earth).

I did not say that the same matter would be expanded nor that the volume would remain constant with an increased mass (as you say, the density would increase etc).

The ONLY thing that matters is density. There is no such thing as a low density blackhole.

You calculated a Schwarzschild radius of 6 billion light years that would have a density of between 4.9kg/m^3 and 8*10^-26 kg/m^3

Your own math, your own initial density, mass and volume figures, all I've done is to calculate the density for the volume and mass you gave...

That will also increase its radius, and as you calculated previously a low density Schwarzschild radius is possible (your 6 billion light year calculation has a density much lower than the matter on Earth).

No it doesn't. Damn it, will you pay attention. If you took the entire observable universe and compacted it into a volume with a radius of less than 6 billion light years you would form a singularity. Thusly, the Schwarzschild radius of the observable Universe is 6 billion light years.

You calculated a Schwarzschild radius of 6 billion light years that would have a density of between 4.9kg/m^3 and 8*10^-26 kg/m^3

No, I didn't.

all I've done is to calculate the density for the volume and mass you gave

/facepalm
Density for the observable universe, that is a universe with a radius of 41.5 BILLION light years is 3 x 10^-30 g/cm3.

No dark matter?

So we can observe dark matter now?
YYZ, help me out here.

Actually, let's take a different track on this one.

Basically what your source, Fulvio Melia, stated in that book was a determination of whether the Universe is open or closed. That book, by the way was published in 2003. Melia wrote this book before the Boomerang experiment, which determined the size of the hot and cold spots of the CMB. The Boomerang experiment showed that the Universe was flat, not curved, not closed. Melia's book was based upon the mathematics around Supernovae that indicated a closed Universe. We have subsequently explained that the Universe itself is NOT closed. It is flat, and open, as evidenced by the acceleration of space. Of further interest is that we've since discovered that the observations of supernovae were flawed.

We live in a Quantum Universe. Not a singularity. Our current model of cosmology states as much, and as someone who states they follow current science, and has such a base of subscribers, you should know better.

Skeptic_Heretic

So we can observe dark matter now?

Not that I'm aware of, but many observers are considering it a done deal, especially with the observational evidence surrounding the bullet galaxy. We can't observe black holes directly but I'm sure their mass was included in your calculated density/mass.

No it doesn't...Thusly, the Schwarzschild radius of the observable Universe is 6 billion light years.

A singularity with that density? I don't think so. If the universe was compacted down to 6 billion light years radius then it would collapse and form a small dense black hole with a singularity at its centre, though we haven't observed one of those either and, as I recall, there was a lot of scientific debate about whether *all* black holes have a singularity or not and there are (or were) some scientists holding out on the issue (that not all BH include a singularity).

If there were a singularity with the mass given then it would be a bit more compact than 6 billion light years. With the density of the sun, for instance (1.4g/cm^3, it would only require a volume of 2.14*10^55cm^3 or a radius of 1.72*10^16 meters or just 1.8 light years (to enclose the mass of the universe).

And that still doesn't look like a singularity to me...

Skeptic_Heretic

Actually, let's take a different track on this one.

I basically agree with what you've said about what Melia was trying to do, it was the fact that his calculation (given the data in his day) was valid ie
"The Schwarzschild radius of a sphere with a uniform density equal to the critical density is equal to the radius of the visible universe".

But you've since done the calculation yourself and declared it valid, so we are no longer arguing that point.

The sticking point is whether or not a six billion light year radius with the mass of the universe could be any denser than somewhere between 4.9kg/m^3 and 8*10^-26 kg/m^3 and include a singularity and if so how. After all, wouldn't a 6 billion light year Schwarzschild radius collapse further? Or would you predict that it remain the same despite having so little mass in such a vast area?

Gravity can accumulate ~ Olber should have hypothesized the effect of gravity in an infinite universe...

Skeptic_Heretic

We live in a Quantum Universe. Not a singularity....you should know better.

I have over 7,000 subscribers in total, but only 102 in my Physical Sciences group ~ it is very much a boutique list :)

My suggested model did not predict that we lived inside a Schwarzschild radius, but I raised that possibility only as an example of a low density Schwarzschild radius. We have to say "if the universe were denser" eg dark matter would do it, or "if the universe were a lot bigger" to get a Schwarzschild radius to fit.

If the universe was infinite, however, then the accumulated mass in any direction from an observer on Earth would add up to a Schwarzschild radius. However this is a *relative* Schwarzschild radius because the mass is relatively evenly distributed in every direction. So when you move, say 10 billion light years to the left, the situation remains the same ~ a Schwarzschild radius in every direction.

@Skeptic_Heretic
BTW if the visible universe were a Schwarzschild radius and we were in the middle of it then light from ever more distant objects would be ever more BLUE shifted, which is not exactly what we observe

It took you 5 posts to backpeddle, change the subject, and then assert the same nonsense you've been attempting to assert from the very beginning.

No one here is arguing that the Schwarzschild metric is wrong. We're all telling you that you're not understanding it accurately.
Now to address a piece of your nonsense.

The sticking point is whether or not a six billion light year radius with the mass of the universe could be any denser than somewhere between 4.9kg/m^3 and 8*10^-26 kg/m^3 and include a singularity and if so how.

No, it isn't. You asked me, based on the mass of the Universe, what the Schwarzschild radius is. I answered based on the current accepted density of the observable Universe.

but I raised that possibility only as an example of a low density Schwarzschild radius.

THERE IS NO SUCH THING. The Schwarzschild equation produces a scaling constant based upon mass.

If the universe was infinite, however, then the accumulated mass in any direction from an observer on Earth would add up to a Schwarzschild radius. However this is a *relative* Schwarzschild radius because the mass is relatively evenly distributed in every direction. So when you move, say 10 billion light years to the left, the situation remains the same ~ a Schwarzschild radius in every direction.

This is going to be my last post on this topic because you're just not paying attention.

For a given mass you can calculate the Schwarzschild radius.
For a given density and volume, you can determine the mass.

The diameter of the Observable Universe is 93 billion light years, or 8.798291412*10^28 cm.
The density of the universe is 3 x 10^-30 g/cm3
The volume of the Universe is given by (4/3)pi r^3
(4/3)pi*((8.798291412*10^28)/2)= 1.8427098442720912547214362241284 * 10^30 cm^3
M=VD for mass.
Out of characters, so go ahead, get your mass from that, and use the equation.

Skeptic_Heretic
You've erroneously plugged in the *diameter* of the universe when your equation calls for the *radius*.

As the diameter is generally given as 93.2 billion light years I'll run with that. I get a diameter of 8.817*10^26 meters or a radius of 4.409*10^26 meters.

Thus Volume = 4/3(Pi*(4.409*10^26)^3)=3.589*10^80 cubic meters.
Multiplying that by your density figure of 3*10^-27 kg/m^3 we get 1.077*10^54 kg

If I substitute the density given in Wikipedia, 9.30*10^-27 kg/m^3 I get 3.34*10^54 kg compared to the figure they give of 3.35*10^54 kg, so I think I must be on the right track...

A Schwarzschild radius with the given density would be 24.5 Billion light years and have a mass of 1.56*10^53 kg

With the given mass we get a radius of 169.1 billion light years and a density of 6.28*10^-29 kg/m^3 in other words anything smaller would be very black indeed. With the given radius and mass the current universe would be well and truly a Schwarzschild black hole...

Skeptic_Heretic
PS when I said 'given' I meant the density you gave and the mass I calculated using that density.

So, where's this singularity I've heard so much about???

You've erroneously plugged in the *diameter* of the universe when your equation calls for the *radius*.

So you really can't read.

(4/3)pi*((8.798291412*10^28)/2)=

4/3 * pi *(d/2) or 4/3 *pi * r

Like I said, pay attention.

A Schwarzschild radius with the given density would be 24.5 Billion light years and have a mass of 1.56*10^53 kg

So Schwarszchild radii have mass?

so I think I must be on the right track...

Nope. Try again. I even did the work for you.

Skeptic - your not paying attention. I wonder if you get this a lot in real life? Anyway, let me try once and explain the above points in different words.

The Schwarszchild radius is a function of mass and volume. Given a particular mass you can derive the volume and radius. You did it yourself in the above posts.

Given a mass and a volume, you can calculate the density... (that is the definition of density).

So... given a particular radius, a physical radius, I can calculate the amount of mass it would take to make that correspond to a Schwarzschild radius. From there to volume, density, etc.

Thats all the guys are doing bro. Thats it. Now as to the rest of the bs about the flat static universe... that is (probably) just crapola.

Thats all the guys are doing bro. Thats it. Now as to the rest of the bs about the flat static universe... that is (probably) just crapola.

No it isn't, 'bro'. Read his statements above again. Especially the one about adding matter to the Earth to create a schwarzschild radius. He's completely misrepresenting the metric as a physical object, it is not. It is a boundary condition.

And no one said static universe.

So... given a particular radius, a physical radius, I can calculate the amount of mass it would take to make that correspond to a Schwarzschild radius. From there to volume, density, etc.

Thats all the guys are doing bro. Thats it.

No. RobertKarlStonjek (not "the guys") wrote: "As the centre of the Schwarzschild black hole is equally distributed in every direction" and "A Schwarzschild black hole can have any density at all" and "the other side of the centre of the Schwarzschild radius" and "the accumulation of matter in any direction would form a Schwarzschild radius" and "allows you to calculate a radius of ANY density" and "a Schwarzschild radius can have any density".
Furthermore, he confuses rotational instability with radioactivity.

Your words are crisp, clear, precise, and few.
His words are a tangled mess arising from and leading to confusion.

Skeptic_Heretic
4/3 * pi *(d/2) or 4/3 *pi * r
Sorry, I thought your error was much smaller. The formula for volume is:
4/3*pi*r^3
ie radius cubed ie radius times radius times radius.

When I checked the correct formula with data in wikipedia I got the correct answer ~ your formula is off by more than a magnitude ie it isn't even in the right universe.

So, where did you study junior high math...home schooling perhaps???

Nope. Try again. I even did the work for you.

I checked my math against the Wikipedia data and came up with the correct solution.

Find wikipedia data here (scroll down to Matter Content):
http://en.wikiped...universe

All of my math has been accurate, you can't use the formula for the volume of sphere ~ why am I wasting my breath???

frajo
in limited space one is bound to summarise and take verbal shortcuts to fit the desired statements into the limited wordcount, thus one can easily be misunderstood.

There are two ideas being discussed, the Schwarzschild radius and the infinite universe. Some of the statements you quoted refer to one, some to the other.

Let's consider the Schwarzschild radius. Agree or disagree (given reasons, please :) with these statements in turn so we can see exactly where we diverge. I won't go very far into my idea as we seem to diverge early on...

1) All objects in space have an escape velocity (eg asteroids, planets, solar systems, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, superclusters);
2) The escape velocity of such an object could reach the speed of light if its mass was confined in a volume given by the Schwarzschild radius;
3) if the radius of the universe was 46.6 billion light years and the density was 8.27*10-26kg/m^3 or more then by the formula r=(3c^2/8Gdpi)^.5 (Schwarzschild radius

Parsec,
I've been debating basic arithmetic (Skeptic_Heretic gives 4/3 * pi *(d/2) or 4/3 *pi * r for the volume of sphere :( when I only wanted to mention the possibility of an infinite universe model. There are bound to be reasonable objections to such models but all I've been getting is junior high math errors and philosophical objections to the Schwarzschild radius being used to describe a low density black hole.

Thanks for showing that the basic idea regarding the Schwarzschild radius is OK even if you don't agree with the model I used to construct with it.

Note that none of the objections that frajo raised corresponded with anything you said ~ this is typical of the discussion so far: they don't like what I said, but not for any physics or math reasons.

There are bound to be reasonable objections to such models but all I've been getting is junior high math errors

Excuse me? Did you actually run the figures I gave when I posted

The volume of the Universe is given by (4/3)pi r^3
(4/3)pi*((8.798291412*10^28)/2)= 1.8427098442720912547214362241284 * 10^30 cm^3

Of course not. You immediately focused in on d/2 and ignore the fact that although notated improperly, the figure was indeed cubed.

So go ahead and give me the answer for the figures you ran. After all, if you see a flaw with the results of my calculations as opposed to my copying and pasting of them to satisfy your undue ego, then you should have a result that fits the SR formulae.

and philosophical objections to the Schwarzschild radius being used to describe a low density black hole.

It isn't philosophical, idiot. A Schwarszchild radius is a boundary condition, not a physical object.
And again, THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A LOW DENSITY BLACK HOLE.

they don't like what I said, but not for any physics or math reasons.

No, those are the exact reasons why we disagree with what you've said.

Dunning Krueger comes to mind here Stonedjek.

Skeptic_Heretic
I did run your figures but I'll run them again here to please you, using the correct formula (which you initially gave and then discarded)
Volume=(4/3)pi r^3
Diameter given (by you) is 93 billion light years, radius from diameter is 46.5 billion light years
light year=9.46*10^17cm thus 46.5 billion light years=4.40*10^28cm
Thus
Volume=(4/3)pi (4.40*10^28)^3=3.57*10^86cm^3

You made the same error in your last post above ~ you gave the formula "(4/3)pi r^3" but never cubed the radius hence your volume figure is way way way out.

Running your figures we get a Schwarzschild radius of 169 billion light years.

Please try to get the basic arithmetic correct ~ I ran your figures (twice now) and they came the same. You didn't bother to cube the radius AS YOUR OWN formula says you should.

Skeptic_Heretic

HERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A LOW DENSITY BLACK HOLE.

Every mass has an escape velocity. Please try to explain, using the math, why the escape velocity from a cluster of galaxies can not rise to above that of light as the formula given by Schwarzschild predicts?

I have absolutely no doubt that there are valid objections to my model and I'd be interested to see what they are. Unfortunately your objections are very low level eg not being able to find the cube function on your calculator...

The objection to my overall model, that I thought would be raised, is that the model predicts that spacetime curvature is relative and not absolute ie the same piece of space may be observed/measured as having different curvature depending on the position and motion of the observer. That is a more interesting discussion on my view, not whether or not Schwarzschild's formula holds for large expansions of matter of any density...

You made the same error in your last post above ~ you gave the formula "(4/3)pi r^3" but never cubed the radius hence your volume figure is way way way out.

Running your figures we get a Schwarzschild radius of 169 billion light years.

No, that's not accurate. And you only performed 1/2 the calculation. I'm not going ot debate simple math with you any longer. It is quite apparent that you're unable to properly compute without assistance.

Secondly,

Every mass has an escape velocity. Please try to explain, using the math, why the escape velocity from a cluster of galaxies can not rise to above that of light as the formula given by Schwarzschild predicts?

Explain how you get a low density superluminal escape velocity. Gravity follows the inverse square law. Your density must exceed the limit imposed by the Schwarszchild formulae in order to have a superluminal escape velocity.

Skeptic_Heretic
I've done the entire calculation several times, so what are you talking about???

Explain how you get a low density superluminal escape velocity. Gravity follows the inverse square law. Your density must exceed the limit imposed by the Schwarzschild formulae in order to have a superluminal escape velocity.

Ask Schwarzschild, it's his formula. But the problem is really no different for a black hole *of any mass*. Gravity adds up even though it is subject to the inverse square law. Light is also subject to the inverse square law but that *was never raised as an objection to Olber's paradox*, or are you going to question that one as well??

Now I have stepped through the calculation twice. On the last occasion I showed that your figure for the volume of the universe was out by over fifty magnitudes (your figure, without cubing the radius, is 1.8427098442720912547214362241284 * 10^30 cm^3 and mine, correctly applying the formula, is 3.57*10^86cm^3)

Ask Schwarzschild, it's his formula.

Another confirmation that you don't understand it.

But the problem is really no different for a black hole *of any mass*.

Less mass, smaller radius, consistent density.

Gravity adds up even though it is subject to the inverse square law. Light is also subject to the inverse square law but that *was never raised as an objection to Olber's paradox*

Yes it was, several times in fact. Lord Kelvin, and surprisingly, Edgar Allen Poe referenced the inverse square law in regards to Olber's paradox.

or are you going to question that one as well??

Just about everything you write is questionable as so far.

The mistake you make is a very simple one, and it comes purely from being an internet study and not properly schooled.

A SR is not the singularity itself. The black hole itself occupies a point in space, not a volume of space. The effect of the blackhole is manifest at the Schwarzschild radius. What you miss, probably due to a lack of understanding of the necessary calculus, you ignore that space is warped by the presence of the singularity. The radius of terminal escape velocity does not indicate or describe the density or volume of the degenerate matter.

Every mass has an escape velocity.

No. Not the mass assigned to a sphere the earth's size within the sun. Not the mass assigned to a neutrino due to neutrino oscillations. Not the mass of a proton circulating in the LHC. But a gravitating system has an escape velocity.

All objects in space have an escape velocity

No. Only gravitating systems. Not a beam of cosmic rays.

I have absolutely no doubt that there are valid objections to my model

You don't have a model.

why perfect symmetry in a universe sized Schwarzschild radius? It may collapse, but that would take billion of years.

A Schwarzschild black hole is a black hole with zero angular momentum. You don't get this kind of thing with any real physical process.

frajo
If cosmic ray particles have a gravitational potential then an escape velocity can be calculated as can the escape velocity of a particle inside the LHC. Gravity is around 10^-40 the strength of the electromagnetic force and so isn't going to have much of an effect, but it still exists. Even neutrinos curve spacetime if they have a mass, but they don't curve it very much.

A Schwarzschild black hole is a black hole with zero angular momentum. You don't get this kind of thing with any real physical process.

The same could be said about dark energy, cold dark matter, and anything to do with 'SUSY'....doesn't seemed to have stopped anyone...

Skeptic_Heretic
Calculus?? You're having trouble with the volume of a sphere (the radius or half the diameter is CUBED).

Space is not 'warped'. Space-Time is curved. There is nothing in the universe that 'warps' space ~ general relativity makes no such prediction.

'Degenerate Matter'??? Do you get all your physics from philosophy magazines???

Space is not 'warped'. Space-Time is curved. There is nothing in the universe that 'warps' space ~ general relativity makes no such prediction.

Great, no smarter than marjon. Do we need to define warped for you? Warped is deviation from the norm due to an entity or force. The presence of mass warps space. The warp in space is called curvature. If you're going to bring this conversation to the level of semantics in regards to well defined and often used words in the English language, then you've shown your colors here.

Beyond that, you seriously have never heard the term degenerate matter?

Really? Are you guys still arguing? I mean come on, this conversation probably became pointless 40 comments ago...

Skeptic_Heretic
There is no such thing as warped space ~ that is seen only in science fiction movies. Try a basic text like 'SpaceTime Physics' by Edwin F Taylor and John Archibald Wheeler, especially section 1.2 'Surveying Spacetime'. The idea of a 'lattice of clocks', section 2.6, will help you visualise just what space-time is and what it is that is curving.

Space does not warp. Space is just space. You can't make up General Relativity ~ there are rules and conventions that we have to follow and new ideas must be consistent with existing math, observation and measurement. The model I have suggested is consistent with the math but is not the way the math is usually applied. Objections should consider why the math can't be applied as I have done, not whether or not the math is correct (it is, I remembered to cube the radius, you didn't).

I'm unsubscribing from this discussion. I suggest you pick up a book on basic relativity theory and start reading ~ and if you find a refere

The model I have suggested is consistent with the math but is not the way the math is usually applied.

Nonsense. Low density universe contained within a singularities event horizon has been flatly dismissed by current observation when applied to the mathematics you're spouting. Sorry, read something more current.

Better yet, call Dr. Melia and ask him what his stance is today considering the Boomerang evidence.

There is no such thing as warped space

That must be why so many physicists have used the term and non-fiction books have it in the title.

I'm unsubscribing from this discussion.

Yeah!

I suggest you pick up a book on basic relativity theory and start reading

You need to do that. Several would be a good idea.

For instance this guy has written some stuff.

Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist, known for his prolific contributions in gravitation physics and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists.

Black Holes And Time Warps
K. S. Thorne, "Warping Spacetime," in The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology: Celebrating Stephen Hawking's 60th Birthday,
K.S. Thorne, "Spacetime Warps and the Quantum World: Speculations About the Future," in R.H. Price, ed., The Future of Spacetime (W.W. Norton, New York, 2002).

Ethelred