August 2024 set a new monthly temperature record, capping Earth's hottest summer since global records began in 1880, according to scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. The announcement ...
Environment
5 hours ago
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26
NASA's Artemis campaign will send the first woman and the first person of color to the moon's south polar region, marking humanity's first return to the lunar surface in more than 50 years.
Space Exploration
6 hours ago
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42
NASA and its industry partners continue to make progress toward Artemis III and beyond, the first crewed lunar landing missions under the agency's Artemis campaign.
Space Exploration
6 hours ago
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19
Tests on Earth appear to confirm how the red planet's spider-shaped geologic formations are carved by carbon dioxide.
Planetary Sciences
7 hours ago
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1
Imagine you had a crystal ball that revealed when a volcano would next erupt. For the hundreds of millions of people around the world who live near active volcanoes, it would be an extremely useful device.
Earth Sciences
9 hours ago
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19
The Amazon rainforest is home to a remarkable variety of plants and animals not found anywhere else on Earth, with some species only located in certain areas, but the reason for this has perplexed and divided scientists for ...
Ecology
10 hours ago
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1
If you were to collect all the organisms from the ocean surface down to 200 meters, you'd find that SAR11 bacteria, though invisible to the naked eye, would make up a fifth of the total biomass. These bacteria, also known ...
Cell & Microbiology
12 hours ago
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14
The ocean plays an important role in the global carbon cycle by absorbing about one-quarter of the carbon emitted by human activities every year. A study published recently in Nature Geoscience and co-authored by a University ...
Earth Sciences
12 hours ago
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8
Marine phytoplankton take up atmospheric carbon and carry it to the seafloor when they die and sink (a process known as organic carbon sedimentation). This biological carbon pump is a powerful part of Earth's carbon cycle, ...
Earth Sciences
Sep 10, 2024
0
5
Researchers from the Faculty of S&T at the University of Twente have developed a novel approach for the design of efficient solar fuel devices. Research performed by graduated Ph.D. student Kaijian Zhu shows that reducing ...
Analytical Chemistry
Sep 10, 2024
0
3
In mathematics, specifically in topology, a surface is a two-dimensional topological manifold. The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 — for example, the surface of a ball or bagel. On the other hand, there are surfaces which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space without introducing singularities or intersecting itself — these are the unorientable surfaces.
To say that a surface is "two-dimensional" means that, about each point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth is (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere, and latitude and longitude provide coordinates on it — except at the International Date Line and the poles, where longitude is undefined. This example illustrates that not all surfaces admits a single coordinate patch. In general, multiple coordinate patches are needed to cover a surface.
Surfaces find application in physics, engineering, computer graphics, and many other disciplines, primarily when they represent the surfaces of physical objects. For example, in analyzing the aerodynamic properties of an airplane, the central consideration is the flow of air along its surface.
This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA
