Genetic changes associated with dog aging are more about quantity than quality

Investigating the activity of genes in dog brain tissues revealed that a large portion of genes (16,000 out of 20,000) are active in all animals, and approximately 3,500 were differentially expressed between the age groups with fewer than 100 genes being active only in old dogs but not in young ones. This indicates that genetic changes associated with aging are more about quantity than quality. The genes with altered activity had functions in regulating other genes, neural development, activity, and the immune system. Some genes with important neural functions showed a pattern of changes similar to humans but distinct from rodents.

The interest in dogs as natural models of human aging has increased in recent years, leading to the establishment of multi-layered research initiatives, like the Senior Family Dog Project in Hungary, to study canine aging. Also, there is an increasing number of preclinical studies involving companion dogs in testing drugs that target age-related deterioration or diseases with human parallels, with possible medical benefits for both humans and their pets.

However, for these studies to be effective in evaluating the effects of drugs, the translatability between dogs and humans should be ensured on all biological levels. The molecular mechanisms behind dog brain aging and age-related dementia are barely known and this can hinder the efficacy of translational studies.

"Sequencing the RNA molecules in a biological sample is a powerful tool to explore genetic regulatory mechanisms. We used this technique to investigate the neural aging of dogs," said Sára Sándor, a geneticist at the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) and co-first author of the study, published in GeroScience.

The Hungarian research team relied on brain samples from companion dogs donated to the Canine Brain and Tissue Bank at Eötvös Loránd University.

Six dogs were 1-4 years old, and seven were 14-17 years old, representing eight breeds and mixed breeds.

"We used bioinformatic analyses to look for age-related changes in genetic mechanisms," said Jonas David, bioinformatician and co-first author of the study. "We found that the two age groups were clearly separated based on their averaged sequencing profile."

This indicated robust changes in gene activity as dogs age, independently from their breed. Only one animal could not be fit in either group: a four-year-old German shepherd dog. As this dog was the oldest among the young dogs and is a large breed with a relatively short expected lifespan, it might represent an intermediary state between the two age groups.

When analyzing individual genes, 80% of the 20,000 canine genes were found to be active in each animal.

"As the total activation or inactivation of individual genes was very rare, the genetic changes associated with aging are more about quantity than quality," said Eniko Kubinyi, principal investigator of the Senior Family Dog Project and the "Momentum" Companion Animals Research Group at the Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University.

Half of the differentially expressed genes showed reduced activity in older animals, the other half were more active. This could indicate that age-related changes in gene expression regulation are fine-tuned and not only arise as a result of genomic disintegration. The genes with altered activity regulate other genes, neural development, and the immune system. Most importantly, some genes involved in neural functions showed a pattern of changes similar to humans but distinct from rodents.

The results of the Hungarian researchers also showed that biobanking is a reliable source for such investigations and this can also help to reduce the need for laboratory dog models in the long term.