When fat cells change their color
![Fat tissue with stained adipocytes (light red) is shown. If Lsd1 is ablated, the fat cells increase in size, for example (right). Credit: Delphine Duteil When fat cells change their color](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2016/whenfatcells.jpg)
In mammals, three types of adipose tissues exist. White adipocytes are mainly located in the abdominal and subcutaneous areas of the body and highly adapted to store excess energy. Conversely, beige and brown adipocytes are highly energy-expending by generating heat. A team with the Freiburg researchers Prof. Dr. Roland Schuele and Dr. Delphine Duteil has now shown that the epigenetic enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) plays a key role in maintaining the metabolic properties of brown fat.
"The changes induced by Lsd1 ablation have secondary effects on body weight gain and glucose tolerance with aging," explains Prof. Schuele. The researchers selectively ablated Lsd1 and inactivated its catalytic activity in brown adipocytes, which triggered a profound whitening of brown adipose tissue: The colour of the brown fat cells became paler, their size increased and they started to store energy instead of expending it. By understanding these processes, scientists want to develop new strategies to counteract obesity and diabetes.
Lsd1 influences fat cells by using a dual mechanism, as the researchers from Freiburg revealed in their study. The enzyme inhibits the expression of the genes which contain the information for white adipocytes. Simultaneously, Lsd1 promotes the expression of genes containing information for brown adipocytes. The analyses by the team have shown that these opposing functions of Lsd1 are orchestrated by distinct complexes involving the enzyme.
![The epigenetic enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1) plays a key role in maintaining the metabolic properties of brown fat. Changes induced by Lsd1 ablation have secondary effects on body weight gain and glucose tolerance with aging. Credit: Philippe Florant When fat cells change their color](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2016/1-whenfatcells.jpg)
Furthermore, according to the researchers' analyses, Lsd1 is necessary to regulate metabolism, for example for fatty acid oxidation. If Lsd1 is inhibited in mice, the animals' cells take up more glucose, their capacities to convert glucose into energy increases, and they use less fatty acid, for example. Thus, the animals significantly gain weight. An accumulation of intermediates of glycolysis - the process of the breakdown of glucose - in the organism contributes to the observed whitening of brown fat tissue. However, the study has also shown that mice in which Lsd1 was ablated are protected against glucose intolerance, which is often observed in the case of type-2 diabetes. In this illness, insulin cannot sufficiently regulate the blood sugar after glucose feed. Lsd1 inhibitors have already entered clinical trials, for which the findings of the Freiburg research team could also be useful.
![Fat tissue with stained adipocytes (light red) are shown. Lsd1 has been ablated, therefore the fat cells increase in size, for example. Credit: Delphine Duteil When fat cells change their color](https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800a/2016/2-whenfatcells.jpg)
More information: Delphine Duteil et al, Lsd1 Ablation Triggers Metabolic Reprogramming of Brown Adipose Tissue, Cell Reports (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.053
Journal information: Cell Reports
Provided by Universität Freiburg