Organs are anatomically distinct structural and functional units within multicellular organisms, composed of multiple tissue types organized to perform specific physiological roles as part of larger integrated physical systems. Each organ exhibits characteristic morphology, vascularization, innervation, and cellular specialization that enable processes such as filtration, secretion, contraction, signal transduction, or exchange of gases and nutrients. Organs interact through coordinated biochemical, mechanical, and electrical signaling within organ systems to maintain homeostasis, support development, and enable adaptive responses. In systems biology and physiology, organs are modeled as complex, hierarchically organized physical systems with emergent properties arising from tissue-level and cellular interactions.
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