In the context of physical systems, 3-dimensional systems are systems whose relevant degrees of freedom are embedded in or constrained by three spatial dimensions, typically described by coordinates (x, y, z) in Euclidean space. Their behavior is governed by field equations or dynamical laws defined over a 3D manifold, such as Maxwell’s equations, Navier–Stokes equations, or Schrödinger’s equation in three spatial dimensions. These systems exhibit phenomena inherently dependent on 3D geometry and topology, including volumetric interactions, three-component vector fields, and spatially resolved boundary conditions, and they often require tensorial or vector calculus formalisms for accurate modeling and analysis.
Refraction—the bending of light as it passes through different media—has long been constrained by physical laws that prevent independent control over how light waves along different directions bend. Now, UCLA researchers ...
Optics & Photonics
Jul 28, 2025
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Topological materials are a class of materials that exhibit unique electronic properties at their boundary (surface in 3D materials; edge in 2D materials) that are robust against imperfections or disturbances and are markedly ...
I've always been fascinated by how materials break down, especially glasses and polymers that don't have a regular crystal structure. Unlike crystals, where we understand plasticity through things like dislocations, amorphous ...
A research team has synthesized three-dimensionally shaped molecules containing an internal twist and shown that they possess the properties of organic semiconductors. By introducing methyl groups into a planar molecule containing ...
Nanomaterials
Jun 25, 2025
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Time, not space plus time, might be the single fundamental property in which all physical phenomena occur, according to a new theory by a University of Alaska Fairbanks scientist.
General Physics
Jun 21, 2025
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What if the magnon Hall effect, which processes information using magnons (spin waves) capable of current-free information transfer with magnets, could overcome its current limitation of being possible only on a 2D plane? ...
Condensed Matter
May 22, 2025
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The move from two to three dimensions can have a significant impact on how a system behaves, whether it is folding a sheet of paper into a paper airplane or twisting a wire into a helical spring. At the nanoscale, 1,000 times ...
Nanophysics
May 9, 2025
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Controlling the topology and structure of entangled molecular strands is a key challenge in molecular engineering, particularly when attempting to create large nanostructures that mimic biological systems. Examples found ...
Bio & Medicine
May 9, 2025
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Metamaterials are artificially-structured materials with extraordinary properties not easily found in nature. With engineered three-dimensional (3D) geometries at the micro- and nanoscale, these architected materials achieve ...
Nanomaterials
Mar 27, 2025
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Artificial intelligence (AI) systems promise transformative advancements, yet their growth has been limited by energy inefficiencies and bottlenecks in data transfer. Researchers at Columbia Engineering have unveiled a groundbreaking ...
Optics & Photonics
Mar 23, 2025
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