Tomography is a collection of imaging methods that reconstruct cross-sectional or volumetric representations of an object from measurements acquired along multiple paths or projections, typically using ionizing radiation, electromagnetic waves, or other penetrating signals. Mathematically, it is grounded in the inversion of integral transforms such as the Radon transform, often implemented via algorithms like filtered back-projection or iterative reconstruction. Tomographic methods, including X-ray computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and optical or acoustic tomography, are used to resolve internal spatial distributions of physical or biochemical properties with defined resolution, contrast mechanisms, and noise characteristics, enabling quantitative analysis in medical, biological, materials, and geophysical research.
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