Superconductivity as a research area investigates materials and mechanisms that exhibit exactly zero electrical resistance and expel magnetic flux (Meissner effect) below a critical temperature, field, and current density. It encompasses theoretical frameworks such as BCS theory and unconventional pairing theories, experimental synthesis and characterization of low‑ and high‑temperature superconductors (including cuprates, iron-based, and hydride systems), and the study of vortex matter, quantum phase transitions, and superconducting fluctuations. The field also explores engineered superconducting heterostructures, Josephson junctions, and quantum devices, with strong connections to condensed matter theory, materials science, and quantum information science.
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