Solar instruments as a research area focuses on the conception, design, optimization, calibration, and deployment of observational tools and measurement systems dedicated to studying the Sun across the electromagnetic spectrum and via in situ particle and field measurements. It encompasses the development of space-borne and ground-based telescopes, spectrometers, coronagraphs, radiometers, magnetographs, and helioseismology instruments, as well as associated detectors, optics, thermal control, and pointing systems. Research addresses sensitivity, dynamic range, spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution, radiation hardness, stray-light suppression, and absolute/relative calibration to enable quantitative investigations of solar structure, dynamics, magnetic fields, variability, and their coupling to the heliosphere.