Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a research area concerned with the macroscopic behavior of electrically conducting fluids—such as plasmas, liquid metals, and salty water—under the influence of magnetic and electric fields. It couples the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics with Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism, often under simplifying assumptions like quasi-neutrality and low-frequency fields. MHD investigates phenomena such as magnetic reconnection, plasma instabilities, dynamo action, and turbulence, and underpins theoretical and computational studies in astrophysics, space and solar physics, fusion research, and engineering applications involving flow control and electromagnetic propulsion in conducting fluids.
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