Limnology is the scientific study of inland aquatic ecosystems, encompassing the physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwaters. It examines energy and matter fluxes, stratification and mixing regimes, biogeochemical cycling of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and the structure and dynamics of aquatic communities from microorganisms to higher trophic levels. Limnological research integrates hydrology, ecology, geochemistry, and climatology to understand ecosystem functioning, water quality, and responses to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, often employing field measurements, experimental manipulations, and modeling across temporal and spatial scales.