Geophysics is a research area focused on applying quantitative physical principles to investigate the structure, composition, and dynamic processes of the Earth and other planetary bodies. It integrates concepts from physics, mathematics, and computational science to analyze seismic waves, gravity and magnetic fields, electromagnetic properties, heat flow, and deformation. Geophysical research underpins understanding of plate tectonics, mantle convection, crustal structure, and core dynamics, and it enables imaging of the subsurface using methods such as seismology, potential-field analysis, and geoelectrics. The field also supports exploration geoscience, natural hazard assessment, and monitoring of anthropogenic and natural changes in the Earth system.
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