Geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated frameworks for acquiring, storing, managing, analyzing, and visualizing data referenced to locations on Earth’s surface. They combine spatial (vector and raster) and attribute data within coordinate reference systems, enabling spatial analysis operations such as overlay, buffering, network analysis, interpolation, and spatial statistics. GIS supports modeling of spatial processes, multi-criteria decision analysis, and integration with remote sensing and global navigation satellite system data. In research, GIS underpins spatial epidemiology, environmental assessment, urban and regional planning, resource management, and geospatial data infrastructure, facilitating reproducible, quantitative analyses of spatial patterns, relationships, and temporal dynamics.
In a world covered with sensors and satellites, access to high-quality data that can help solve problems and improve systems is more widespread than ever. But with such a wealth of information at our disposal, how do we know ...
Environment
Sep 29, 2025
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