Genotype, within the context of scientific topics, refers to the specific genetic constitution of an organism, cell, or virus, typically defined as the set of alleles or sequence variants present at one or more loci in its genome. It underlies and constrains the range of possible phenotypes through its interaction with environmental factors and stochastic processes. In research, genotypes are characterized using molecular markers, sequencing, or genotyping arrays to study genetic variation, map traits, infer evolutionary relationships, and model genotype–phenotype associations. Distinct genotypes can be compared to identify causal variants, assess heritability, and understand mechanisms of genetic control in development, physiology, and disease.
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