Genotype, within the context of scientific topics, refers to the specific genetic constitution of an organism, cell, or virus, typically defined as the set of alleles or sequence variants present at one or more loci in its genome. It underlies and constrains the range of possible phenotypes through its interaction with environmental factors and stochastic processes. In research, genotypes are characterized using molecular markers, sequencing, or genotyping arrays to study genetic variation, map traits, infer evolutionary relationships, and model genotype–phenotype associations. Distinct genotypes can be compared to identify causal variants, assess heritability, and understand mechanisms of genetic control in development, physiology, and disease.
Few pests eat away at farm profitability as much as soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Causing at least $1.5 billion in yield losses annually, it's soybean's single biggest threat. Unfortunately, soybean's most effective tool, ...
Molecular & Computational biology
Mar 3, 2026
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Cucumber is an economically important crop worldwide, ranking as the third most-produced vegetable after tomatoes and onions. Yet breeding improved varieties—plants that are more resilient, produce better-shaped fruit, ...
Plants & Animals
Feb 10, 2026
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Climate change and evolving growing conditions present new challenges for breeding. It is important to take local environmental conditions into account. An international team led by the IPK Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics ...
Molecular & Computational biology
Feb 9, 2026
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A plant's success may depend on how well the three sets of genetic instructions it carries in its cells cooperate, according to a new study led by plant scientists at Penn State. In an analysis of the hybrids of two crossbred ...
Plants & Animals
Dec 17, 2025
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Researchers have developed a new method for human identification, which could be a powerful new tool for forensic investigations. Edith Cowan University (ECU) Ph.D. students Rebecca Tidy and Romy Keane, who are also chemists ...
Biotechnology
Dec 16, 2025
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When two homozygous plant lines with different characteristics are crossed, the resulting offspring are often more robust and productive than their parents. This phenomenon is called heterosis. It can be caused by positive ...
Molecular & Computational biology
Dec 10, 2025
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One of the fundamental rules of inheritance states that different alleles (gene copies) of a trait, such as sex, are inherited with equal frequency. "However, we have long known that there are genes that can increase their ...
Plants & Animals
Nov 24, 2025
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Developing high-yielding, nutritious and climate-resilient crops is vital to safeguard the future of global food production. To meet the challenges ahead, Iowa State University scientists are working with crop breeders to ...
Molecular & Computational biology
Nov 5, 2025
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Université de Strasbourg and partners report that adding structural variants and small insertion–deletion mutations to single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses raised trait heritability estimates by 14.3% and uncovered ...
What is the secret of supercentenarians? While there is no magical "elixir of life" that allows us to live forever, this incredibly rare group of people who live to be 110 years or older appears to have some biological advantage. ...
