Energy storage as a research area investigates materials, devices, and systems that reversibly capture and release energy with high efficiency, safety, and reliability, spanning electrical, electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical modalities. It encompasses advanced battery chemistries (e.g., lithium-based, sodium-based, multivalent, and solid-state systems), supercapacitors, hydrogen and other chemical fuels, phase-change and sensible/latent heat storage, and mechanical approaches such as compressed air or flywheels. Research focuses on fundamental charge, mass, and heat transport processes; interfacial and degradation phenomena; multi-scale modeling; techno-economic and lifecycle assessment; integration with power electronics and grids; and enabling high-penetration renewable energy and electrification of transport and industry.
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