Dissolved gases are molecular species such as O₂, CO₂, N₂, CH₄, and noble gases that exist in aqueous or other liquid phases at concentrations governed primarily by gas–liquid equilibrium (e.g., Henry’s law), temperature, pressure, and salinity. They play critical roles in biogeochemical cycles, redox processes, and aquatic ecosystem metabolism, influencing parameters such as pH, alkalinity, and oxidation–reduction potential. In research, dissolved gases are quantified using techniques like membrane inlet mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and optical sensors, and are essential tracers for processes including gas exchange, primary productivity, groundwater–surface water interactions, and anthropogenic impacts on aquatic environments.
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