Coal resources refer to naturally occurring accumulations of coal in the Earth’s crust that are estimated, through geological exploration and modeling, to exist in known deposits, regardless of current technical or economic recoverability. In resource assessment, coal resources are quantified by tonnage and classified according to confidence levels (e.g., measured, indicated, inferred) and coal quality parameters such as rank, calorific value, ash, sulfur, and moisture content. They form the basis for defining coal reserves, which are the technically and economically recoverable subset, and are central to studies of energy systems, carbon budgets, and long-term fuel availability.
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