Atmospheric phenomena are observable physical processes and manifestations occurring within a planetary atmosphere, arising from interactions among radiation, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and atmospheric composition. They encompass events and structures such as clouds, precipitation, optical effects (e.g., halos, rainbows), turbulence, waves, convection, boundary-layer processes, and large-scale circulation patterns. These phenomena are governed by fundamental equations of motion (Navier–Stokes), radiative transfer, phase changes of water and other condensables, and chemical reactions. In research, atmospheric phenomena are quantitatively characterized using in situ and remote sensing observations, numerical models, and theoretical frameworks to understand energy and mass transport, climate variability, and weather systems.
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