Scientists from Vanderbilt University, the Universidad de la República in Uruguay, and other research centers have achieved a scientific tour de force—resurrecting a "dead antibody" to reveal the mysteries of cytochrome ...
Cell & Microbiology
Mar 27, 2023
0
31
A team of geochemists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, working with colleagues from the University of Hong Kong, Tianjin University and the University of California, has found evidence that suggests much of the oxygen ...
It's a tough job, but someone's got to do it. In this case, the "job" is the breakdown of lignin, the structural biopolymer that gives stems, bark and branches their signature woodiness. One of the most abundant terrestrial ...
Cell & Microbiology
Mar 9, 2023
0
247
Researchers from the Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University have developed a multifunctional hydrogel electrode with excellent conductivity, adhesion, and anti-interference ...
Bio & Medicine
Feb 22, 2023
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175
A birefringence based light modulator that works in the wavelength region of < 350 nm plays a vital role in DUV beam shaping, high density data storage, semiconductor micro-nano processing and photolithography. Actually, ...
Optics & Photonics
Jan 13, 2023
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4
A research team led by Prof. Kong Lingtao from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of of Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed a pre-assembly strategy to anchor single atoms on carbon nitride nanosheets. They prepared ...
Bio & Medicine
Jan 12, 2023
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4
Climate change is a major global concern. Reducing carbon emissions by utilizing renewable energy sources and developing efficient energy storage systems has become a priority. Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density ...
Materials Science
Jan 5, 2023
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16
Stains that make specific components of a live cell light up under a microscope have become powerful tools for detecting disease and monitoring biological processes, but the choice of available stains is severely limited ...
Biochemistry
Dec 12, 2022
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48
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory helped measure how unpaired electrons in atoms at one end of a molecule can drive chemical reactivity on the molecule's opposite side. As ...
Analytical Chemistry
Nov 23, 2022
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221
Scientists from Skoltech, MIPT, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, and a number of other research centers have shown microbubbles made of a protein called albumin to be effective vehicles for the delivery of photodynamic ...
Biochemistry
Nov 10, 2022
0
11
In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. These unpaired electrons are usually highly reactive, so radicals are likely to take part in chemical reactions. Radicals play an important role in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, polymerization, plasma chemistry, biochemistry, and many other chemical processes, including human physiology. For example, superoxide and nitric oxide regulate many biological processes, such as controlling vascular tone. "Radical" and "free radical" are frequently used interchangeably, although a radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound. The first organic free radical identified was triphenylmethyl radical, by Moses Gomberg in 1900 at the University of Michigan.
Historically, the term radical has also been used for bound parts of the molecule, especially when they remain unchanged in reactions. These are now called functional groups. For example, methyl alcohol was described as consisting of a methyl "radical" and a hydroxyl "radical". Neither are radicals in the modern chemical sense, as they are permanently bound to each other, and have no unpaired, reactive electrons. They can, however, be observed as radicals in mass spectrometry after breaking down the substance with a hail of energetic electrons.
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