An electrochemical biosensor for antibody detection

The quantitative detection of specific antibodies in complex samples such as blood can provide information on many different diseases but usually requires a complicated laboratory procedure. A new method for the rapid, inexpensive, yet quantitative and specific point-of-care detection of antibodies has now been introduced in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition by an Italian research team. It uses an electrochemical cell-free biosensor that can directly detect antibodies against diseases such as influenza in blood serum.

Influenza is a severe, widespread, epidemic disease that can be fatal and may also have significant societal and economic consequences. The clinical evaluation of immune responses to flu vaccines and infections is thus correspondingly important. A simple, inexpensive, point-of-care diagnostic method would be preferable to current expensive and complex laboratory analysis.

A new method developed by Sara Bracaglia, Simona Ranallo, and Francesco Ricci (University of Rome) fulfills this wish. It is based on "programmable" gene circuits, cell-free transcription, and electrochemical detection.

In living cells, genes are read by RNA polymerases and transcribed into an RNA sequence, which then serves as a blueprint for building proteins (translation). This "machinery" can also be used by cell-free systems. To build their new detector, the team combined this type of machinery with specifically designed synthetic gene circuits that only get "switched on" when the antibody being tested for is present in the sample. As an example, they designed a test that detects anti-influenza antibodies, which are directed against a surface molecule on influenza viruses.

To do this, the team developed a synthetic gene with an incomplete promoter. The promoter is a DNA segment that controls the reading of the gene. If the promoter is incomplete RNA polymerase cannot start the transcription of RNA. The test solution also contains a pair of synthetic DNA strands that are bound to a protein portion (also called peptide) that is specifically recognized by anti-influenza antibodies.

Upon binding between the antibodies and the peptide, the two DNA strands are arranged in a way that completes the promoter and switches the synthetic gene on. The RNA polymerase can now dock on the synthetic gene and start transcribing RNA strands. These RNA strands in turn can bind specifically to a DNA probe fixed to a small disposable electrode and give a measurable current signal change. As long as no antibodies are present, no RNA will be transcribed and no change in current signal will be measured by the disposable electrode. If the sample contains influenza antibodies, the machinery synthesizes RNA, which binds to the electrode leading to a current signal.

The system requires only very small sample volumes, is very specific and sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive. Thus, it can be readily miniaturized to make a portable and easy-to-use diagnostic tool. It is also adaptable for the detection of a wide variety of other antibodies.