ESA's next sun mission will be shadow-casting pair

ESA's next sun mission will be shadow-casting pair
Due to launch together in 2020, the two satellites making up Proba-3 will fly in precise formation to form an external coronagraph in space, one satellite eclipsing the Sun to allow the second to study the otherwise invisible solar corona. Credit: ESA

After Solar Orbiter, ESA's next mission observing the sun will not be one spacecraft but two: the double satellites making up Proba-3 will fly in formation to cast an artificial solar eclipse, opening up the clearest view yet of the sun's faint atmosphere—probing the mysteries of its million degree heat and magnetic eruptions.

Aiming for launch in mid-2022, Proba-3 comprises two small meter-scale satellites to be placed together in Earth orbit. They will line up to cast a precise shadow across space to block out the for six hours at a time during each 20 hour orbit, giving researchers a sustained view of the sun's immediate vicinity.

Precision formation flying

"To achieve this the satellite pair must achieve an unprecedented precision of flight control," explains Proba-3 system manager Damien Galano. "They must align along an average distance of 144 m apart, maintained to an accuracy of a few millimeters. By achieving such precision formation flying techniques, in future multiple small satellites could perform equivalent tasks to individual giant spacecraft."

Proba-3's focus will be the sun's faint atmosphere, or corona, which extends millions of kilometers from the and is the source of the solar wind and coronal mass ejections—huge magnetic eruptions that can affect space weather all the way to Earth itself.

ESA's next sun mission will be shadow-casting pair
Proba-3's pair of satellites will be in a highly elliptical orbit around Earth, performing formation flying manoeuvres as well as scientific studies of the solar corona. The occulter satellite will have solar panels on its sun-facing side. Credit: ESA-P. Carril

The corona is also the basis of a long-standing scientific mystery: while the sun's surface is a comparatively cool 6000 °C, the corona rises to a sizzling million degrees or more—in apparent defiance to the laws of thermodynamics.

But the dazzling face of the sun usually masks the faint, wispy corona, like a blazing bonfire next to a firefly.

Revealing the solar corona

"Up until now, the best way to see the corona is briefly during a solar eclipse on Earth, or else using a 'coronagraph' instrument incorporating one or more blocking—or 'occulting' – discs to blot out the sun's disc," says solar scientist Andrei Zhukov of the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB).

He is the principal investigator of Proba-3's main ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the sun) telescope, while also serving as ROB's project scientist of Solar Orbiter's Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI).

Dancing is probably the oldest human artform – and now ESA’s Proba-3 precision formation-flying mission intends to extend the art of dance to space. Like dancers, a pair of minisatellites will move around each other, their relative positions maintained to millimetre-scale precision, as if they were both parts of one giant spacecraft. Their mission is to cast a shadow from one minisatellite onto another, in order to form an artificial total solar eclipse in space – then study the fine details of the Sun’s wispy atmosphere, the solar corona. Franco Ongaro, ESA Director of Technical and Quality Management; Frederic Teston, Head of System and Cost Engineering; Andrea Santovincenzo, ESA engineer and the project’s manager Agnes Mestreau-Garreau, explain how to go about teaching a space mission to dance. Credit: ESA

"But sunlight still bends around such blocking discs– known as 'diffraction' – which can leads to a high level of straylight within an instrument, degrading the resulting image," adds Andrei.

"The idea behind Proba-3 is to cut that straylight fivefold and in the same time observe very close to the edge of the sun, by flying the external blocking disc far away from the rest of the telescope, aboard a separate satellite.

"I'm looking forward to the time when Proba-3 is operating along with other sun-watching missions. While Solar Orbiter's EUI observes changes on the solar surface in extreme ultraviolet, Proba-3 will clearly show associated features within the inner in visible light, revealing interactions between the sun and its surroundings."

Mission taking shape

The mission has passed its "critical design review," leading to the manufacturing and testing of satellite hardware.

"The prototype of the 1.4-m diameter external occulting disc has undergone testing," explains Delphine Jollet, platform system engineer.

"Its rim, made of temperature-resistant carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), has to meet very stringent requirements to precisely hold its torus shape, designed to minimize the straylight spilling over its edges into ASPIICS. Skilled workmanship is essential to prepare the CFRP layout for molding."

"A secondary internal occulting disc is mounted within the instrument, this one just 3.5 mm in diameter, but having similarly stringent dimensional standards," notes Proba-3 payload engineer Jorg Versluys.

"This internal occulter is part of the qualification model of the ASPIICS instrument that is being tested in simulated space conditions."

Citation: ESA's next sun mission will be shadow-casting pair (2020, February 10) retrieved 28 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2020-02-esa-sun-mission-shadow-casting-pair.html
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