Research indicates abundance of microbe diversity key to healthy coastal ecosystem

For millions of years, symbiotic bacteria have lived inside the gill cells of Lucinidae clams found in seagrass meadows located mainly along tropical coasts, such as the Florida Keys. These bacteria play a crucial role in the clam's survival while also contributing to the overall health of the seagrass in which the clams live.

Seagrasses are important nurseries for marine life and help protect our coasts from storms and sea-level rise.

As important as the bacteria are, little was known about their makeup until now. Scientists at Clemson University have recently published a paper indicating that the bacteria are more taxonomically diverse than previously thought.

Normally, when seagrass decomposes, sulfide is produced which is toxic to seagrasses and clams. However, the bacteria oxidize the sulfide compounds to harmless sulfate, using the energy produced to turn carbon dioxide into sugars for the clam.

"This whole symbiotic process enables the clams and bacteria to live in environments that are not necessarily hospitable," said Clemson biological sciences associate professor Barbara Campbell, whose research group studies how organisms interact with each other and how the microbiome—the community of microorganisms living in and on multicellular organisms—is involved in that interaction. "The more diverse the symbionts are, the healthier the ecosystem should be. Diversity matters."

Campbell's findings have important implications for fisheries and lobster farming, which require a healthy coastal ecosystem, including seagrass beds, in order to thrive.

Campbell and her students collected a sampling of Ctena orbiculate clams from the shallow waters at Sandy Creek Landing on Sugar Loaf Key in the far western Florida Keys. They also surveyed the types of seagrass in the area, conducted physical and chemical surveys of the environment, and counted other clams.

In subsequent months, her team performed next-generation sequencing and analyses in her campus lab and at Clemson's Genomic and Bioinformatics Facility to characterize the taxonomic, genetic and functional composition of the symbiont bacterial communities.

"We looked at the DNA and RNA, in terms of what genes are present, the diversity of the genes and genomes, as well as the diversity of what is being expressed by the bacteria and the host," Campbell said.

According to Campbell, her research team plans to apply additional experiments to explore the diversity of the genes of both the clams and the microbes, which should provide more fundamental knowledge about the interactions between the two organisms.

"We can introduce a symbiont with a specific function versus a symbiont with a different function and then put the clams back into the seagrass and see what happens," said Campbell. They will see if more diversity leads to better seagrass health.