Fruit flies help to shed light on the evolution of metabolism

Diet choice of animal species is highly variable. Some species are specialists feeding only on one food source, such as a sugar-rich fruit or protein-rich meat. Other species, like humans, are generalists that can feed on multiple types of food sources.

Because of these differences, animal species ingest varying amounts of macronutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids. It is conceivable that the metabolism has to match the diet choice of each species. However, the evolution of animal metabolism is poorly understood—what are the underlying genetic changes, and how do these changes define the optimal nutrient composition for a given species?

The research group led by Associate Professor Ville Hietakangas at the University of Helsinki has studied the evolution of metabolism by using two very closely related fruit fly species. The first one is a generalist, Drosophila simulans, which feeds on fruits and vegetables typically containing high levels of sugars. The second one is Drosophila sechellia, which has specialized to feed on one fruit, Noni, Morinda citrifolia, which has low sugar content.

"We found pretty dramatic metabolic differences between these species. D. sechellia larvae that are not exposed on sugar in nature were not able to grow when placed on a sugar-rich diet, while D. simulans had no problems handling dietary sugar," explains Hietakangas.

The close relatedness of the fruit fly species allowed the scientist interbreed the species, making hybrids that were largely genetically like D. sechellia, but containing those genomic regions of D. simulans that were needed for sugar tolerance.

"The ability to analyze hybrid animals was the key advantage of our study. This way, we could not only rely on correlating the findings but were able to identify genetic changes that were causally important. We could also tell that sugar tolerance comes with a cost. D. simulans and the sugar-tolerant hybrids survived poorly on a low nutrient diet. This suggests that D. sechellia has evolved to survive on a low nutrient environment, which has required rewiring the metabolism in a way that has made feeding on high sugar impossible," says Hietakangas.

This study opens up many interesting questions, also related to humans. In the future, it will be interesting to explore whether human populations with different dietary histories, for example, experiencing extremely limited nutrition for many generations, may respond differently to modern diets rich in sugars.