Chemists test a new nanocatalyst for obtaining hydrogen

A chemist from RUDN was the first to use catalysts with ruthenium nanoparticles to obtain hydrogen under the influence of visible light and UV radiation. In the future, such catalysts may be used for large-scale production of hydrogen fuel under the influence of sunlight. The results of the study were published in Applied Catalysis B: Environmental.

Photochemical reactions are among the most eco-friendly ways of producing "green fuel." Heating the raw materials does not consume a lot of energy or require high pressure levels. Maintaining the speed of the reaction requires only light and photocatalysts. Photocatalysts based on platinum, gold and palladium are highly efficient in such photochemical reactions as hydrogen extraction from biomass derivatives such as alcohols. However, these metals are expensive, and scientists seek cheaper photocatalysts.

Together with their Spanish colleagues, RUDN chemists studied the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide enriched with ruthenium particles. It was the first time they were used to obtain hydrogen. The chemists monitored the influence of a titanium dioxide-based ruthenium nanocatalyst on the emission of hydrogen from a methanol-water mixture. The team studied four catalysts (with 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, and 5 percent ruthenium content), and each of them was tested in two types of reactions—in the presence of visible light and UV radiation.

Previously, systems of titanium dioxide and ruthenium were rarely used. Therefore, it was important to characterize their composition and optical properties, including quantum efficiency. This indicates the photosensitivity of a material and is calculated as a ratio of the total number of photons causing the formation of free electrons in a materials and the total number of absorbed photons. This is the main parameter used to compare the photocatalytic activity of substances.

Experiments have shown that the activity of ruthenium-containing photocatalysts under UV radiation is comparable to platinum and palladium analogs. The quantum efficiency of platinum- or palladium-based compounds calculated on the basis of other studies makes up from 1.9 percent to 5.1 percent, and the results of ruthenium photocatalysts stay within this range. The best value (3.1 percent) was calculated for the system with 3 percent ruthenium content. Considering the cheapness of ruthenium catalysts, they are promising for industrial use. The activity of ruthenium catalysts under visible light was quite low—the quantum efficiency did not exceed 0.6 percent, but the authors expect it to increase under sunlight up to 1.1 percent. The scientists have already started verifying this hypothesis.

"Our catalysts based on titanium dioxide and ruthenium appeared to be universal systems and helped us obtain hydrogen in sufficient quantities both under the influence of UV light and visible light," explains Raphael Luke, director of the Center for Molecular Design and Synthesis of Innovative Compounds for Medicine, and a visiting scholar at RUDN. "Having modelled the reaction between light and substance and calculated the quantum efficiency of all our samples, we understood that the key role in the catalyst's activity was played by the inter-reaction between ruthenium and titanium dioxide particles, especially by the concentration of ruthenium particles and possibly its compounds with oxygen on the surface of the material. The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is yet to be discovered. We continue our studies and are currently experimenting with obtaining hydrogen under sunlight in Spain and Russia."