Data from Voyager 1 point to interstellar future
(Phys.org) -- Data from NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft indicate that the venerable deep-space explorer has encountered a region in space where the intensity of charged particles from beyond our solar system has markedly increased. Voyager scientists looking at this rapid rise draw closer to an inevitable but historic conclusion - that humanity's first emissary to interstellar space is on the edge of our solar system.
"The laws of physics say that someday Voyager will become the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, but we still do not know exactly when that someday will be," said Ed Stone, Voyager project scientist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "The latest data indicate that we are clearly in a new region where things are changing more quickly. It is very exciting. We are approaching the solar system's frontier."
The data making the 16-hour-38 minute, 11.1-billion-mile (17.8-billion-kilometer), journey from Voyager 1 to antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network on Earth detail the number of charged particles measured by the two High Energy telescopes aboard the 34-year-old spacecraft. These energetic particles were generated when stars in our cosmic neighborhood went supernova.
"From January 2009 to January 2012, there had been a gradual increase of about 25 percent in the amount of galactic cosmic rays Voyager was encountering," said Stone. "More recently, we have seen very rapid escalation in that part of the energy spectrum. Beginning on May 7, the cosmic ray hits have increased five percent in a week and nine percent in a month."
This marked increase is one of a triad of data sets which need to make significant swings of the needle to indicate a new era in space exploration. The second important measure from the spacecraft's two telescopes is the intensity of energetic particles generated inside the heliosphere, the bubble of charged particles the sun blows around itself. While there has been a slow decline in the measurements of these energetic particles, they have not dropped off precipitously, which could be expected when Voyager breaks through the solar boundary.
The final data set that Voyager scientists believe will reveal a major change is the measurement in the direction of the magnetic field lines surrounding the spacecraft. While Voyager is still within the heliosphere, these field lines run east-west. When it passes into interstellar space, the team expects Voyager will find that the magnetic field lines orient in a more north-south direction. Such analysis will take weeks, and the Voyager team is currently crunching the numbers of its latest data set.
"When the Voyagers launched in 1977, the space age was all of 20 years old," said Stone. "Many of us on the team dreamed of reaching interstellar space, but we really had no way of knowing how long a journey it would be -- or if these two vehicles that we invested so much time and energy in would operate long enough to reach it."
Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 and 2 are in good health. Voyager 2 is more than 9.1 billion miles (14.7 billion kilometers) away from the sun. Both are operating as part of the Voyager Interstellar Mission, an extended mission to explore the solar system outside the neighborhood of the outer planets and beyond. NASA's Voyagers are the two most distant active representatives of humanity and its desire to explore.
The Voyager spacecraft were built by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., which continues to operate both. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology. The Voyager missions are a part of the NASA Heliophysics System Observatory, sponsored by the Heliophysics Division of the Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
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I agree, but it's probably wise to wait a little bit longer. Once the Voyagers get out of the solar system, we may find something new we would like to measure. I wouldn't want to launch a new probe, and then find out we needed one more instrument on board.
The next time we send something out of the solar system is most likely to be bound for Centauri though (or some other nearby star). I don't see it happening in my lifetime, but it sure would be cool to find out if there are planets there. I have always suspected that stars without planets are probably not very common. We seem to be finding planets around all the most common types of stars, and centauri isn't much different from sol.
Any interstellar probe could examine deep space on the way.
The major issue I see is going to be if the interstellar winds are enough to interfere with the Voyager probes' signals, and if so, by how much. I figure that it's not impossible to calculate the anticipated amount of interference; the problem is getting it right overall, compared with what is truly there.
As far as the actual particle amount, wasn't there an article on the potential for, in essence, eddies or doldrums of interstellar particles and winds, due to the unknown state of how the heliosphere interacts with the interstellar winds and particles?
I'm voting with verkle on this one. Why would an explorer have to be expensive? Why not make it a few kilograms and launch it with a medium sized rocket. Let it use a the gravitation of a planet to gain further speed.
And why not let it travel perpendicular to the plane of you planet system? Who knows what kind of surprises are there to be found..
True, but at least if the craft stays in the plane of the solar system it can observe the planets in close detail before finally leaving. Not to mention it would take a lot more energy to exit perpendicularly than it does to get out in the plane; we already have some tangential velocity, but perpendicularly you have to go essentially from zero to escape velocity.
The solar wind flows out from the sun until it reaches the region where the voyager craft are now. The particles from the wind are there, but they are no longer flowing out uniformly as they do closer to the sun. There are still particles from the solar wind, but their average speed is close to zero (voyager detects them while flying through them). Think of it like a day here on earth, with no wind, but there's still air. As the voyager craft move farther out, we expect a region where the solar wind particles are no longer present in significant quantities.
Magic tricks... Send it to Jupiter, and have Jupiter slingshot it toward the sun, over one of the poles if you prefer. When it is deep in the sun's gravitational field light off the engines, just design the probe so that cooling fluid boils off through a nozzle, or combine the two. The delta v near the sun gets multiplied 100x or more. (It shoots out of the solar gravitation field faster than it went in.)
This trick is (only ;-) good for a hundred kps or so, but much faster than anything we have done to date.
It's called Interstellar Medium, and we already know where its absorption and emission bands are; there's a table on wiki. Voyager's signals will be fine.
http://en.wikiped...r_medium
That's horribly naive. It takes a fairly large rocket just to get an empty box out of earth orbit. Then I assume you want to reach deep space? You'll want an ion engine. See that big saucer thingy on Voyager above? You'll need a big saucer thingy too. You'll also want some electricy, cause electricity is good. Oh, and did you want to measure anything while you're there? .....hmm.
That idea is horrible. You have so much wrong that I don't know where to start. First, jupiter is not on the way to the sun. Second, we're already in the sun's gravitational field. Third, why go near the sun if you don't have to? You would need to add all kinds of heat sinks and EM shielding all over the spacecraft, so lets stay away from the sun if we can. Fourth, 100x more delta V near the sun? How does that work? From boiling off coolant? Just carry extra ion engine fuel in stead of a cooling system and head directly out to slingshot your way past as many planets as their positions allow.
The Voyager craft both used gravity assists, multiple times, on their way out.
As for going perpendicular to the ecliptic, you could use a planet to swing you "up" or "down" at some point, but then you couldn't use that planet for a speed boost. There's really very little point in going perpendicular though.
That's incorrect.
mind: blown.
"While Voyager is still within the heliosphere, these field lines run east-west. When it passes into interstellar space, the team expects Voyager will find that the magnetic field lines orient in a more north-south direction."
PussyCat Eyes: just curious as to why we need to go to the moon ASAP?
So you could launch as normal in the solar system plane and use various planets to boost velocity and then apply a weak force perpendicular to direction of travel for months or even years if it's ion propulsion based.
Over time the trajectory would be altered sufficiently. But it doesn't even need to be anywhere near a 90deg course change.
Even simpler might be to enter into the final gravity assist maneuver at such an angle that the ejecting angle would have as big a vertical trajectory component as possible.
shoot.
Our descendants need to get off this planet and colonize the Moon, if possible. Things are not going to remain like a beautiful beach in Hawaii. Asteroids, earthquakes, etc. If we don't prepare for such things, we'll eventually be wiped out. ALL of us.
It may seem like paranoia to you, but it's still a dangerous world, big guy. Didn't you read what Russkiy said about how we and NATO should give up the plans for those defense missile silos in Eastern Europe? He was dead serious and knew stuff that WE don't know.
http://en.ria.ru/...933.html
Tell me this isn't happening.
Now Mr PussyCat_Eyes Russkiycremepuff Pirouette Xbw RitchieGuy NamVet666 is referring to himself in the third person.
Sadly it is. Your psychosis is getting worse. Please take your meds.
Geeze....another perfectly good thread ruined.....again by the same people.
YOU ruined it with your diatribe re politics !
And especially so withSuggesting a manicured persona who has made a great deal of wealth manipulating many others and is out of touch with the people who are ultimately the source of his wealth become President, is a sad indictment of your idolatry and hypocrisy !
Without even a little so called socialism you seem to propose the pillage of human labour reach such a crescendo your beloved America will collapse socially & gated communities will be essential everywhere, the correctly disgruntled 95% who have their efforts marginalised will rise up far more quickly & revolt should the likes of Romney, with his feeble intellect be let loose with the support, ideology and idiocy of the GOP to put the death knell on what could have been a example of an educated mature democracy!
You should be happy for someone who made it big ,money wise. Someday it might be YOUR turn to be wealthy.....if you work hard enough for it. The land of opportunity....that's why everyone is trying to get over here.
Damn, I'm staying up too late.....nighty night.
Yea ruined by you.
1.Constitution static, Human Resources handling dynamic
2.Constitution/NRA (GOP) allow easy access to bad weapons, ppl killed in USA highest in world
3.Mature stable democracies have social conscience, eg Universal Health care
4.GFC mostly caused by GOP connected wealthy re commercial greed
5.Reagan (GOP) IIRC was 1st Pres. to dramatically raise debt stakes with 'star wars' hysteria
6. GFC consequence etc obvious, reduce spending (NASA) GOP by far mostly to blame as initial cause(s) !
7. Happy ppl wealthy but not by breaking up companies that employ ppl or cashing their retirement benefits like Romney, ffs he is such a dimwit & a user!
8. Currently USA *only* has democracy 1 day/4 yrs, rest of time its a meritocracy/dictatorship, paranoid/bad constitution !
Hey, propaganda girl? Intelligent/smart/good/caring are you?
Russkiye/pirouette/Ritchieguy/you did say that we need to fear chinese ballistic missiles from the moon, which is certainly in the same category as eavesdropping on Martians, or gyroscopic gravity generators.
You are so profoundly stupid. How can people not help but acknowledge this? EVERY TIME you post, you post something unbelievably inane. What a track record.
FYI they don't put antimissile missiles in silos. They put sweet sorghum in silos. You would know this if you weren't a fake farmer/Russian/nurse.
people cannot even make a sealed bio-sphere here work on earth without killing the inhabitants. and if you think mankind now or will soon have the technology to terraform an entire planet , essentially creating enough heat(chemical reactions) to create an atmosphere---yea i have a bridge to sell you.
the idea of sending men to mars will be JUST like sending man to the moon. FAR TOO EXPENSIVE TOO JUSTIFY FOR ANY REASON OTHER THAN SOME SORT OF COLD WAR. there is no cold war anymore, it is a hot war. and it's just beginning and no military in their right mind is going to waste the kind of money needed to get men to mars, when they can waste it on more bombs missiles and guns.
1) "1.Constitution static, Human Resources handling dynamic"
Nopers...the Constitution is NOT static. Congress (both House and Senate) makes the Laws that can AMEND the Constitution. The Supreme Court of the U.S. only is supposed to INTERPRET those Laws.
For instance, the Second Amendment (gun rights for the law-abiding population) is a major part of the Constitution. Attorney General Eric Holder (appointed by Obama) approved the Fast and Furious debacle in order to give the guns that his guys bought from an American dealer and then sold to Mexicans. At least 2 of those guns wound up with Mexican criminals and a Border Patrol guy was shot and killed by one of those guns. That's why Holder is not providing the evidence of his complicity to Congressman Issa, who is heading the investigation. AG Eric Holder and Obama would love to have used Fast and Furious as an excuse for getting rid of the Second Amendment.
2) 2.Constitution/NRA (GOP) allow easy access to bad weapons, ppl killed in USA highest in world
Not true. There are gun licensing laws in effect. When you buy a weapon, you must fill out loads of paperwork identifying YOU as the gun owner. The serial # on the gun is on record and the whole shebang is sent to the state capitol along with you picture I.D.
And guess what. A lot of guns are stolen from legal gun owners and used by criminals. But the gun owner MUST report the theft ASAP or he or she may be held liable. There are lots of controls in place to avoid criminals getting their hands on legal guns, but some illegal guns are bought by criminals from foreign countries. It's not our fault. But you may think that we have no right to protect ourselves and our loved ones from criminals with guns or knives. Think again.
3) 3.Mature stable democracies have social conscience, eg Universal Health care.
In the USA, we have social programs that you pay into while you're working, then when you retire, you will get your money back monthly for the rest of your life. That goes for Medicare and. Social Security. When you're old and retired, Medicare picks up the tab for your hospital stay, but 20% of the medical cost is YOUR responsibility. Therefore, people have the option to "hire" a health care insurance company to pay that other 20% in the event that you become ill. That system works well.
But what YOU seem to be concerned with, is for people who don't want to pay for a company to help with the 20% to get it all FOR FREE.
Nothing is for free, sweetie and you should know that. What you think if for free comes out of MY wallet and every other working stiff's wallet and we never get to see that money that we earned. It comes right out of our paychecks and straight to gov't, then to the welfare queens.
4) "4.GFC mostly caused by GOP connected wealthy re commercial greed"
I'm not a Republican. I'm a ReaganConservative. In case you haven't heard, who do you think Obama hangs out with? He hangs with Liberal/Democrats who are a part of the 1% rich, like movie stars (George Clooney, Sarah Jessica Parker, et al), movie producers (Steven Spielberg, et al), rich corporation leaders, rich union leaders, anybody who is willing to give him money for his reelection campaign are good people in his eyes. Money talks, dear heart. Therefore, Obama gives these rich people everything they want, as long as they keep him in power. Doesn't matter if they're corrupt; the rich Liberals can do no wrong, you see. Their corruption is held in high esteem by the Democrats, who are themselves corrupt in many cases. Corruption isn't dependent on any Party or idealogy, Mike. It just exists. As far as greed...when's the last time you gave big bucks to charity?
5) " 5.Reagan (GOP) IIRC was 1st Pres. to dramatically raise debt stakes with 'star wars' hysteria"
Mike, I was a little girl at the time, but I believe that it was the right thing to do. What Reagan did took guts and he bluffed his way, but the Russians didn't know that. (Star Wars Initiative). The man was fantastic in the way he handled Gorbachev. The Russians were economically destitute anyway, so Reagan gave them an OUT, don't you see? The Russians couldn't afford to hold on to all the satellite countries and they were probably glad at the opportunity to show their magnanimity toward Lech Walesa and the rest who wanted their freedom. Gorbachev saved face; his successor became a hero to his people, and Eastern Europe became free. The Russians were able to stand down without looking like fools....all because of Reagan.
6) "6. GFC consequence etc obvious, reduce spending (NASA) GOP by far mostly to blame as initial cause(s) !"
That's not true. Even though I'm not a Republican, I'll tell you this: The U.S. President at the time was GWBush. While he was Pres., Congress was controlled by Democrats (both Senate and House). There were bills he wanted passed to improve certain things, but could not get them passed because HE was Republican and Congress was Democrat. The Democrats then, as now, are mainly interested in promoting social programs with tax money. They're not terribly interested in putting people back to work. NASA is not a social program; whatever money is available out of the budget after social programs are paid for, MIGHT go to NASA, unless some Democrat Senator or Congressman wants to build a bridge to nowhere so that moose don't cross the stream and disturb little fishies. GWBush got no cooperation from Congress; and now Obama complains of the same thing.
7) "7. Happy ppl wealthy but not by breaking up companies that employ ppl or cashing their retirement benefits like Romney, ffs he is such a dimwit & a user!"
Are you jealous of wealthy people? I'm not. I aspire to becoming wealthy someday. If I own a modest size company and have x amount of people working for me...first off, no lazy slackers need apply. Second, I would not tolerate a union idiot coming in to get my workers to join their union and make ME pay for things that my workers already have, namely, great working conditions and a safe working environment; a good decent salary commensurate to each worker's production; time off for 3 weeks vacation each year and holidays off; improve worker-boss relationships and bonuses. There's so much more I would do. But guess what. The gov't agencies step in and wants to regulate everything and tax my business heavily because we are making a profit and can afford to hire more people. So, b/c of those higher taxes, people are laid off
8) "8. Currently USA *only* has democracy 1 day/4 yrs, rest of time its a meritocracy/dictatorship, paranoid/bad constitution !
Hey, propaganda girl? Intelligent/smart/good/caring are you?"
LOL....where DO you get your wild misinformation from?
OK....Meritocracy
Meritocracy - a system of government or other admin such as business admin wherein appointments and responsibilities are objectively assigned to individuals based upon their "merits", namely intelligence, credentials, and education, determined through evaluations or examinations. ie, tested competence and ability.
YOU have a problem with this??? I can't believe it!!
There is NO meritocracy in the Obama administration. That's why everything is chaotic and confused now. He has appointed stupid people, vindictive people into high positions in his administration....WITHOUT MERIT. That's why the country is in a shambles now b/c of Obama. He's inept, incompetent, an elitist without cause, and worst of all, he's a Socialist.
The USA got there first, however, The Outer Space treaty prevents any signatories from laying claim to it. Its kind of like Antarctica, anyone can go, but it doesn't actually belong to anyone.
Mike, I assume you're in Australia. Am I right?
LOL.....I'd sure like to see the U.N. and others try to prevent China from getting to the Moon and keeping the rest of humanity out. They have so many people, they don't know what to do with them. They'll develop the technology, that's for sure....and what they think we have, they'll steal from us.
And we'll let them take it....because that's what we've become.
Because they outnumber us like ants you see. LOL.Why yes all those chinese moontech-stealers feel the way that pirouette/ritchieguy/russkiye/queen_of_morons does. This is what makes them all so dangerous.
And good for Voyager's team. All those years of work are about to pay off big time. What we'll learn form those probes will benefit humanity for many years to come. Hopefully someday, we'll put humans in that same spot headed for another world. Hopefully it will be inhabited by people with more intelligence and less stupidity than we have here.
Without a source of accelleration would be a clearer terminology;-)
I see that your last post before today was on September 17, 2011 and you were downrated to one by DavidMerchant. I won't even bother to read that thread since your post there was probably similar to your post here. So, according to YOU, "The New Republican Party is now dominated by racist, bigoted extremists."
Tell us, how many of these "racist, bigoted extremists have you interviewed to find out if they were, indeed, racist, bigoted extremists? Sounds to me like it's pure ASSUMPTION on your part. Maybe you read it in a copy of Cosmopolitan magazine or in George Soros' "Media Matters" website?
Didn't anyone tell you that assumptions don't hold up in a court of law? Assumptions in yellow journalism is popular these days with the Liberal/Socialist mob. I take it that you prefer to not be enlightened with respect to the reality of politics...so I won't try to convince you of anything. Just continue on your merry way, convinced that all Repubs are racist and bigots.
NASA would not accept your application for a job if they were aware of your devious nature.
******
TransmissionDump
22 hours ago
Doesn't one need a point of reference to then be able say which way is up/ down, north/ south etc. from that reference point.
PussyCat Eyes: just curious as to why we need to go to the moon ASAP?
*******
My response:
"There is no up or down in outer space. Without a source of gravitational pull, you're in free fall. Gyroscopic thingies can provide artificial gravity. Isn't that right, Deesky? But that's only pertinent to manned spacecraft."
AlsoThe reference point in outer space would be the stars and planets, and the ship would be guided by its onboard computer according to the locations of the stars and planets. G-Force is minimal and artificial gravity is not needed in an unmanned craft. Acceleration in outer space is variable and has nothing to do with the question.
The fastest thing we could do is use a two stage propulstion system.
Use a Solar Sail to push an Ion Engine up to a huge speed to begin with, and then after a few years when the sail isn't getting enough power to significantly accelerate any more, you'd detach it and fire up the ion engines.
The reason this works is because a solar sail is more efficient the larger the payload, so having it "Push" the ion engine as long as possible "pays for" all of the launch costs and fuel costs.
I once figured this could probably get a Voyager-sized space craft to around 150km/s maximum speed.
Even at that speed, it will still take a couple decades to overtake the voyager, because you gotta figure the voyager keeps moving at top speed too the entire time...
http://astrobiolo.../?id=238
Someone (you?) asks an unfortunate scientist a particularly inane question and the scientist responds like he was talking to a 4th grader (you?)
So, how many inane posts was it today? All of them? If you are a 4th grader I apologize. But you are not because you talk about your genitals as if this were a witty and clever thing to do. Maybe in the ozarks among your (inbred?) relations, but not here as 4th graders come here sometimes innocently seeking knowledge. You corrupt them and this site.
If scientists could build a road there and good tyres for your sportscar. Then you just have to keep your foot flat to the floor and hold it at 0.00980665km/sec/sec and it would take around 23 days. Just like it would take a couple of hours to get to the Moon or a few days to get to Mars.
Check the calculation if you like
(3600x530)x((3600x530 1)/2)x0.00980665=
should have a
(3600x530)x((3600x530 1)/2)x0.00980665=
(3600x530)x((3600x530 plus 1)/2)x0.00980665=
YOUR CAPSLOCK must be on
(3,600×375)×(3,600×375+plus1)×0.00980665
=17,872,632,863.9775km
I see you have your back.
Once again, the NAZI-LOVING TheGhostofOtto1923 didn't read the full link, otherwise he would see that Morrison was talking about A-R-T-I-F-I-C-I-A-L G-R-A-V-i-T-Y and Gyroscopes. The link clearly states (contd)
"Unlike seafaring ships, space ship designs utilize centripetal force to create artificial gravity at the outer walls. Whether any such designs will become a reality in our lifetimes remains to be seen."
This means that the artificial gravity still doe NOT exist and is still on the "drawing boards". Just like I and others speculate on ways and methods, the Astrobiologist and Engineers speculate on these things also.
But TheGhostofOttoSkorzeny believes that I am basing what I've said, on FACT. Which is why he hurriedly jumps in to excoriate my speculations. What a weird, fat, ugly creep.
CardacianNeverid
Jun 16, 2012
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (6)
Well, since this thread's gone to the dogs...
What's new pussyTard?
Woah, Woah
pussyTard, pussyTard
I've got flowers
And lots of hours
To spend with you.
So go and powder your cute little pussyTard nose!
Woah, Woah...
But at least the Voyagers are on their way to interstellar space. Too bad NAZI-LOVER GhostofBlotto didn't hitch a ride on it.
The scientists you talk to speculate on the wide breadth of the human intellect; from they and their colleagues all the way back... in vast stretches of space and time... to you. This is what happens, they conclude, when humans are removed from the healthy and species-preserving process of natural selection.
You have GOT to be a hoax. By a disgruntled pedo. Because nobody can be as consistently stupid, as you. And seek to display it as GLEEFULLY as you do.
Like I say you post a few inanities and then spend all your time ignorantly bashing those who take exception to it. What's the point? Got nothing better to do? Sorghum seed all in the ground? No mud to observe during the process of drying and cracking?
http://www.theham...cat.html
Inanities? What do you think you've been posting in this and other threads, eh? ALL inanities. You are #1 inanity creepo. Haven't you noticed that not too many people are talking to you much? They see you for what you really are. And your attempts at intimidations isn't working, dickhead.But keep it up, I'm not through with you....not by a long shot, jerkoff.
There's never been anyone bashing me for inanities. If anyone bashed for inanities, they would have to bash YOU. YOUR posts on this and all other threads are always inane and everyone knows it...except for your friend antialias_antifreespeech and all your sock puppets who are in reality YOU.
It wouldn't surprise anyone that you fight with yourself to garner as much attention so that others feel you're justified in going after all your sock puppets....LOL....and coming up winning....LOL
You describe yourself very well. You are a classic case and would have fit in perfectly at Broadmoor in the UK....or one of the institutes for the insane in the U.S.
Hey, maybe you were one of the insane patients who were let out of the institutions in the....when was that...the 1980s? Was it Ronald Reagan that set you free? yeppers...good old Ron...made a big booboo with THAT one.
Like I say you're either a former disgruntled poster, or perhaps some bored teenager, who is enjoying himself by making adults here do tricks for you. But as it has been going on for months under multiple sockpuppets, I'm thinking it is not entertainment but compulsion which drives you. Yes? How could this possibly be any fun?
In none of my posts in this thread did I mention the words "centrifugal" or "centripetal". See, that's what you get when you smoke that ganja.... bad stuff....you're delusional. Do you stomp around your room yelling out, "heil hitler"........LOL
Who IS this Ritchie you keep talking about.....seems like you're OBSESSED with that man. Did you have a good time together? I saw that you never did answer Russkiy's question on your personal relationship with the said Ritchie.
And what did I misspell on purpose? You are delusional again. You are definitely a classic case of DID
And who is this "WE"? You and your sock puppets?
http://www.guardi...ct=false
-Is this where you're at?
And you know who Ritchie is because you've mentioned his ideas. More cracks in your persona.
So I googled the name and found out that your idol was a NAZI SS crapper who sucked up to Adolph Hitler.
YES PEOPLE!! In one of his sock puppet profiles, TheGhostofOtto1923, as TheGhostofOtto1932 gives his name as Otto Skorzeny.
Everyone is required to take heed of the SPIRITUAL-MANIFESTATION-OF-OTTO-SKORZENY. The hero of TheGhostofOtto1923, is Otto Skorzeny, him being the World War 2 NAZI bozo who worked himself up to becoming secretary and hatchet-man for Adolph Hitler.
See: http://phys.org/p...tto1932/
http://en.wikiped...korzeny.
TheGhostofBlotto is sinking fast, and he has to put all of his energy into trying to come up with as many lies about me as possible.
Lost wax and gold? Are you serious?
Geeze....a girl can't be a girl with this Blotto moron. Maybe Blotto is actually a transgender? woweeee
N,S,E & W in space are terms used by astronomers with the understanding that you are talking about direction relative to a specific body or group of bodies. There's a thing called the "right hand rule". Make a fist with your right hand, with your thumb pointing up. In the case of our solar system and the milkyway galaxy "most" objects rotate and revolve in the direction your fingers point while making a fist with your right hand. That is east, and the direction your thumb points is north. So, in the story above, when they say the magnetic field lines go east-west, that means they are in the same plane as the ecliptic, and if they change to a north-south orientation outside the heliosphere, then that will be perpendicular to the ecliptic. It really has no meaning beyond making it easier to talk about orientation around an object.
Let's see what p/r/p/r found on google:
"Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks."
-And this is all we need to know that volcanos can appear in Brooklyn. Sad.Funny I didn't see this in the wiki article. Maybe you got it from buzzle?
There is something you need to know. People who actually know things, are not impressed when people like you drop big words that they found on google. Quite the opposite; it makes them laugh. Hahahaahaaaa.
http://phys.org/n...ean.html
-Worth reading twice though I think-
Ignoramuses are similar to religionists in some respects. They think their own thoughts are a source of valid info like the bible. Both need to be exposed.
I think you mean Voyager 1, but either way, the problem is that we don't really know how long we can keep an ion engine running. The current record (held by the NEXT engine) is just over four years, and they expect to get another two years out of it in earth-based testing. The Voyager craft had a lucky alignment of outer planets which doesn't exist now, so it would be very difficult to catch up to either Voyager craft now. We certainly couldn't catch them in our lifetimes, unless we find some new "magical" form of propulsion. Our best ion engines can't do it in our lifetime.
http://www.youtub...Jqd2h0Yg
I understand that there are like-minded people in this site who love TheGhostofOtto1923, who are probably some of his many sock puppets who make comments to make others think that Blotto has a huge following. But they are all Blotto., and everyone else knows it too.
The only problem with his dimwit idea is that at one time or another, many volcanoes and mountains were covered with ocean and ocean fossils have been found on those volcanoes and mountains. Stratigraphic formations are everywhere...which is the formation of many layers of sediment, rocks, clays and other strata. I learned this stuff in college.
Pussyfatthighs brought this thread to some incredible lows, and GhostofOtto: while I enjoyed reading this battle immensely, it seems obvious that you are being baited by a person whose mental development stopped around the same time as her physical development....around age 10 I would guess. Since it should be clear to anyone reading his/her posts that she is an idiot, I suggest letting her continue her pseudo-scientific/political jibber-jabber unchallenged.....let the monkey throw the poop, if it doesn't hit you, simply chuckle at the foolish creature with smelly hands. I have been!
In my opinion, they are both in reality the same one person with multiple personality disorder and many, many other disorders.
Grow up or go somewhere else.
I know you're not the only one, but when you're bringing up Hitler and Nazi stuff you're getting well off the mark, I question that a women would really go to such a level, maybe you're just a troll and a bloke ?
@All those involved in the arguments which are pathetic at best:
Can we please keep this to an intellectual scientific debate about the subject at hand not childish high school name calling. Its getting well over the top and its quite frankly... boring.
So why don't you ask him yourself? You know him well. I don't.
The initial speed required is Earth escape velocity (11.2 km/s). Earth itself orbits at 29.8 km/s relative to the sun, so the craft will be traveling at least 41km/s, relative to the sun (likely more due to extra thrust).
Thereafter, planetary gravity assists were used to increase velocity (not sure by how much).
Once you're beyond a planet's gravitational well (which isn't that far), the combined effect of the planets' 'pull' is negligible. The much bigger effect it the gravitational 'pull' of the sun.
To escape the solar system from a location at the Sun-Earth distance (but away from Earth itself), requires a velocity of roughly 42 km/s. So Voyager 1 would only need a modest boost to exceed solar system escape velocity.
The wiki page is a good place to start:
http://en.wikiped...y_assist
The theoretical max speed boost leaves you at twice the speed of the planet plus your initial velocity, though in reality such 'perfect' circumstances will never occur. Gravity assist can also be used in reverse, to slow a spacecraft down. We do this when we send probes to Mercury and Venus. With current technology, it is not practical to reach solar system escape velocity without using gravity assist.
This is cool: You need gravity assist to reach Saturn, but that leaves you moving too fast for orbit, so you need GA to slow down when you get there too.
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