NASA Mars Orbiter Photographs Spirit and Vikings on the Ground

New images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show three additional NASA spacecraft that have landed on Mars: the Spirit rover active on the surface since January 2004 and the two Viking landers that successfully reached the surface in 1976.

The orbiter's high-resolution camera took a dramatic photograph of Spirit's twin rover, Opportunity, at the edge of a Martian crater two months ago.

Besides providing new portraits of these robotic emissaries, the images provide scientists valuable high-resolution information about the surrounding terrain at each site. This aids both in interpreting other orbital data and in planning activities for surface missions.

The new images are available online at hirise.lpl.arizona.edu . They are among the earliest from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's primary science phase, which began in November.

"We know these sites well at ground level through the eyes of the cameras on Spirit and the Viking landers," said Dr. Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona, Tucson, principal investigator for the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. "Applying that knowledge as we view the new orbital images will help us interpret what we see in orbital images from other parts of Mars never seen from ground level."

The camera's view of Spirit in the midst of the "Columbia Hills" is quickly being put to use by scientists and engineers who plan the rover's daily activities, just as a comparable image taken two months ago of Spirit's twin, Opportunity, has aided that rover's work. A second image of the Opportunity site has now been combined with the first for a stereo view.

The view of Viking Lander 1 from the high-resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveals the spacecraft's back shell about 260 meters (850 feet) away and the heat shield nearly four times that distant. The lander returned the first view from the surface of Mars and kept operating for more than six years after its July 20, 1976, landing.

"The biggest surprise is that you can still see what appears to be the parachute after 30 years," said Dr. Tim Parker of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., whose calculations helped determine where to point the orbital camera for seeing the Viking landers.

Viking Lander 2, unlike Spirit and Viking Lander 1, had not been detected previously in images from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. One feature that had been considered a possibility in an earlier image turned out to be the Viking Lander 2's back shell, about 400 meters (a quarter mile) from the lander easily discerned in the image from the newer, higher-resolution camera.

Parker is identifying some individual nicknamed rocks in the Viking-site images that are prominent in famous photographs taken by the landers, such as "Ankylosaurus," a rough rock about a meter (three feet) long near Viking Lander 2, and the larger "Big Joe" near Viking Lander 1.

NASA made imaging of the Viking Lander 2 site an especially high priority for Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to help in evaluation of candidate landing sites for NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander mission, being prepared for launch next summer. Phoenix will land at a far northern site, and the Viking Lander 2 site, though not as high-latitude as where Phoenix will go, is the most comparable site of any seen from the surface of Mars.

"The Viking Lander 2 site, with its combination of lander-based and orbiter-based imaging, gives us an important anchor for evaluating the ground roughness and boulder densities at sites where we have only orbital imaging," said Dr. Ray Arvidson of Washington University in St. Louis, chair of NASA's Phoenix Landing Site Working Group.

Source: University of Arizona