Despite more distracted-driving deaths, road fatalities down

Over the past five years, road fatalities in the United States have fallen 22 percent, thanks primarily to the poor economy and the increased prevalence of air bags, according to University of Michigan researchers.

"A reduction of such magnitude over such a short time has not occurred since road safety statistics were first kept starting in 1913, except for the reductions during World War II," said Michael Sivak, a research professor at the U-M Transportation Research Institute.

While more drivers have slowed down and limited their long-distance leisure travel to save gas and money—and, ultimately, lives—an increase in vehicles equipped with both side and front air bags also has been a contributing factor. On the other hand, fatal crashes that involved distracted driving (using cell phones, talking to passengers, eating, etc.) have increased 42 percent.

In a new study in the current issue of Traffic Injury Prevention, Sivak and UMTRI colleague Brandon Schoettle noted that U.S. road deaths declined from 43,500 in 2005 to about 34,000 last year. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (a database of all fatal traffic crashes in the United States), the researchers examined 19 conditions or variables involved in fatal crashes in 2005 and in 2008 (the latest year for which detailed data were available).

The changes in the frequency of many of the crash conditions suggest that the recent economic downturn resulted in fewer crashes, they said. For example, the largest declines in fatal crashes by time of day occurred during the afternoon and morning rush hours—consistent with reduced commuter traffic.

Moreover, fatal crashes on rural interstate highways dropped substantially, whereas those on city streets rose—consistent with a decrease in long-distance leisure driving and an increase in local leisure driving in response to economic concerns. In addition, fatal crashes that occurred on roads with a speed limit of at least 50 mph were down more than on roads with slower speeds.

"This pattern is consistent with the postulated decrease in speeds as a consequence of driver's efforts to improve the fuel economy of their vehicles," Sivak said.

Other factors that indicate the impact of a bad economy on our nation's highways include a 30 percent decrease in fatal crashes in construction zones (reduced state highway budgets mean less construction) and a nearly 20-percent drop in fatal crashes involving heavy commercial trucks (consistent with the overall reduction in freight shipments due to the economic downturn).

"Beyond economic concerns, an important additional contributing factor for the large drop in fatalities was likely the increased use of side air bags and air bags, in general," Sivak said.

Sivak and Schoettle found that side air bag deployment increased dramatically (220 percent), most likely indicating increased installation of side air bags. Further, both front-to-side and front-to-front fatal collisions declined more than all fatal collisions, suggesting greater use and improvement of air bags.

Finally, the UMTRI study looked at a few driver-behavior factors and found large reductions in fatal crashes in which the driver drove erratically, recklessly, carelessly or in a negligent manner (58 percent); was drowsy, sleepy, asleep or fatigued (39 percent); or failed to keep the vehicle in the proper lane (29 percent).

However, distracted or inattentive driving, such as using a cell phone, talking or eating, was identified for nearly 3,400 drivers involved in fatal crashes in 2008, compared to nearly 2,400 in 2005.