The first head to head study of the two H1N1 vaccines used in the UK during the recent pandemic finds that the adjuvanted split virus vaccine induced higher immune response rates in young children, but was associated with more reactions than the whole virus vaccine.
These data provide important information to guide immunisation policy in an influenza pandemic, say the researchers.
During the 2009-10 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, children experienced pandemic A (H1N1) infections at four times the rate of adults and were more commonly admitted to hospital, making them a priority group for vaccination.
The Department of Health purchased two H1N1 vaccines for the national immunisation programme, an adjuvanted split virion vaccine derived from egg culture and a non-adjuvanted whole virion vaccine derived from cell culture.
A team of UK researchers therefore set out to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity (tendency to cause reactions), and immunogenicity (ability to induce an antibody response) of the two vaccines in children aged 6 months to 12 years, to inform the scientific community, policy makers and parents.
Over 900 children participated in the study, which took place at five UK centres between 26 September and 11 December 2009, during the second wave of the pandemic in the UK. Children were grouped by age and were randomised to receive either the split vaccine or the whole virus vaccine in two doses, 21 days apart.
Details of reactions, such as fever, tenderness, swelling and redness of the skin, were collected for one week after vaccination. Blood samples were taken before vaccination and after the second dose to measure rises in antibody levels (a process known as seroconversion).
Both vaccines were well tolerated. The split virus vaccine was more immunogenic and achieved higher seroconversion rates than the whole virus vaccine, especially in children aged less than 3 years. The split virus vaccine was also associated with more reactions compared with the whole virus vaccine, although these reactions were generally in keeping with the product data produced by the manufacturer. Significantly fewer reactions, including fever, were observed after a first dose of adjuvanted vaccine than a second, especially in younger children.
The authors conclude: "In this first direct comparison of an AS03B adjuvanted split virion versus whole virion non-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine, the adjuvanted vaccine, while more reactogenic, was more immunogenic and, importantly, achieved high seroconversion rates in children aged less than 3 years. This indicates the potential for improved immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in this age group."
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