Viruses take down massive algal blooms, with big implications for climate

Viruses take down massive algal blooms, with big implications for climate
This is a location map. Black rectangle delineates the area shown in Figures 1B and 2. (B) Map of surface chlorophyll from June 22, 2012 (day 174), emphasizing the phytoplankton patch as a distinct area of high chlorophyll concentration. Thick black lines mark the main attracting Lagrangian coherent structures from calculation of finite-size Lyapunov exponents. To facilitate the presentation, we plotted only the highest 20 percent of FSLEs (for the entire FSLE field, see Figure 2C). Thin black contour outline region of strong Chl gradient is used to define patch boundaries. Magenta diamonds mark the position of Argo floats used for extracting the mixed layer depth in the patch vicinity. Green diamonds mark the location of the sampling stations. Credit: Current Biology, Lehahn et al.

Algae might seem easy to ignore, but they are the ultimate source of all organic matter that marine animals depend upon. Humans are increasingly dependent on algae, too, to suck up climate-warming carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sink it to the bottom of the ocean. Now, by using a combination of satellite imagery and laboratory experiments, researchers have evidence showing that viruses infecting those algae are driving the life-and-death dynamics of the algae's blooms, even when all else stays essentially the same, and this has important implications for our climate.

According to results reported in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on August 21, a single North Atlantic algal bloom, about 30 kilometers in radius, converted 24,000 tons of dioxide from the atmosphere into via a process known as . Two-thirds of that carbon turned over within a week as that bloom grew at a very rapid rate and then quickly met its demise. A closer look at those algae revealed high levels of specific viruses infecting their cells.

To put it in perspective, Assaf Vardi of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel says that this patch of fixes about as much carbon as an equivalent patch of rainforest and then almost immediately turns much of it over.

"This is, of course, only one patch out of numerous co-occurring patches in other parts of the Atlantic Ocean," adds Ilan Koren, also of the Weizmann Institute, not to mention those that appear in other seasons and ecosystems. "While the impact that viruses have on the entire ecosystem was previously estimated to be very large, we provide the first approach to quantify their immense impact on open ocean blooms."

Important questions remain about the ultimate fate of all that carbon taken in by algal blooms, the researchers say. Much of it is probably recycled back to the atmosphere by bacteria. But it's also possible that the virus-infected algae release sticky sugars and lipids, leading their cells and the carbon within them to sink faster to the ocean floor.

Viruses take down massive algal blooms, with big implications for climate
(A) This image shows Chl cropped according to patch boundaries, which are identified as regions of strong gradients in the Chl field. Note the abrupt change in patch biomass as reflected in temporal variations in Chl values. For the equivalent images before cropping, see Figure S1. (B) Okubo-Weiss (OW) parameter emphasizing the core of the eddy in which the patch is embedded as a region in the velocity field dominated by vorticity (negative OW) rather than deformation (positive OW). (C) Attracting LCSs, which delineate transport barriers that separate between the patch and its surroundings. The images are from June 6, 2012, June 22, 2012, and July 2, 2012 (days 158, 174, and 184, respectively). Arrows represent the geostrophic surface currents. Purple dots mark the location of the patch centroid. Black contours delineate the patch boundaries. Green circles mark the 30 km disc around the patch centroid. Credit: Current Biology, Lehahn et al.

"If the latter scenario is true, it will have a profound impact [on] the efficiency of 'pumping' from the atmosphere to the deep ocean," Vardi says. "This carbon will then have a better chance [of being] buried in the ocean sediment."

The findings will improve models that predict the future of algal blooms and their impact on climate. They also serve as a reminder that sometimes it really is the little things that matter.

"These interactions begin when one virus infects one cell, but they end up causing the collapse of massive blooms that span thousands of kilometers," Koren says. "These life-and-death interactions on the micro scale have huge importance on the large scale and vice versa."

More information: Current Biology, Lehahn et al.: "Decoupling physical from biological processes to assess the impact of viruses on a mesoscale algal bloom." www.cell.com/current-biology/a … 0960-9822(14)00909-9

Journal information: Current Biology

Provided by Cell Press

Citation: Viruses take down massive algal blooms, with big implications for climate (2014, August 21) retrieved 19 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2014-08-viruses-massive-algal-blooms-big.html
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