Galaxies are running out of gas: study
A star-forming region in a nearby galaxy, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. Image credit - NASA, ESA, STScI/AURA
(PhysOrg.com) -- A new study has shown why the lights are going out in the Universe.
The Universe forms fewer stars than it used to, and a CSIRO study has now shown why - the galaxies are running out of gas.
Dr Robert Braun (CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science) and his colleagues used CSIROs Mopra radio telescope near Coonabarabran, NSW, to study far-off galaxies and compare them with nearby ones.
Light (and radio waves) from the distant galaxies has taken time to travel to us, so we see the galaxies as they were between three and five billion years ago.
Galaxies at this stage of the Universes life appear to contain considerably more molecular hydrogen gas than comparable galaxies in todays Universe, the research team found.
Stars form from clouds of molecular hydrogen. The less molecular hydrogen there is, the fewer stars will form.
The research teams paper is in press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Astronomers have known for at least 15 years that the rate of star formation peaked when the Universe was only a few billion years old and has declined steeply ever since.
"Our result helps us understand why the lights are going out," Dr Braun said.
"Star formation has used up most of the available molecular hydrogen gas."
After stars form, they shed gas during various stages of their lives, or in dramatic events such as explosions (supernovae).
This returns some gas to space to contribute to further star formation.
"But most of the original gasabout 70%remains locked up, having been turned into things such as white dwarfs, neutron stars and planets," Dr Braun said.
"So the molecular gas is used up over time. We find that the decline in the molecular gas is similar to the pattern of decline in star formation, although during the time interval that we have studied, it is declining even more rapidly."
Ultimately, the real problem is the rate at which galaxies are 'refueled' from outside.
Gas falls into galaxies from the space between galaxies, the intergalactic medium. Two-thirds of the gas in the universe is still found in the intergalactic medium and only one third has already been consumed by previous star formation in galaxies, astronomers think.
"The drop-off in both gas availability and star formation seems to have started around the time that Dark Energy took control of the Universe," Dr Braun said.
Up until that time, gravity dominated the Universe, so the gas was naturally pulled in to galaxies, but then the effect of Dark Energy took over and the Universe started expanding faster and faster.
This accelerating expansion will have made it increasingly difficult for galaxies to capture the additional gas they need to fuel future generations of star formation, Dr Braun speculates.
The galaxies used for the Mopra study were of a kind called ultra-luminous infra-red galaxies or ULIRGs, chosen because they are known to have large reservoirs of gas and because they are so bright that there was a complete census of them within the volume of the Universe that the team studied. They ranged in redshift from 0.2 to 0.5 (that is, they had a look-back time of three to five billion years).
Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect directly, and this study (like many previous studies) used emission from carbon monoxide (CO) as a proxy for the molecular hydrogen. The astronomers observed the emission arising from the CO(1-0) transition: this study is significant because most other studies have had to rely on observing different transition lines for galaxies at different redshifts. This study, however, compared "apples with apples", using CO(1-0) for both the nearby and distant galaxies under study.
Provided by
CSIRO
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Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 3.5 / 5 (4)
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 1.3 / 5 (13)
No.
Galaxies continue to generate more gas and the universe expands faster because the driving force is:
a.) Neutron repulsion [1]
b.) Causing neutron emission, and
c.) Free neutrons decay into H-atoms,
d.) With V(finial)/V(initial) ~1,000,000,000,000,000 [2].
1. "Neutron Repulsion", The APEIRON Journal, in press, 19 pages (2011):
http://arxiv.org/...2.1499v1
2. "Is the Universe Expanding?", The Journal of Cosmology 13, 4187-4190 (2011):
http://journalofc...102.html
With kind regards,
Oliver K. Manuel
Former NASA Principal
Investigator for Apollo
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: not rated yet
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 3.3 / 5 (12)
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 2.2 / 5 (13)
It's more legitimate than whatever theory you have. I don't think you're in a position to debunk neutron repulsion. Come back when you have your PhD and similar qualifications and then people might listen to what you have to say.
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (11)
So if gravity dominated, why didn't the universe collapse back into the singularity that it supposedly came from? What was counter-acting that force to the extend that the universe continued to expand? Then why did the Dark-energy suddenly kick in ? What caused it to arise in the first place?
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
If your god was there then finding the answers to questions such as these would tend to reveal him. Sadly, all the answers science has uncovered so far seem to lead directly away from the god you so cherish. Too bad.
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (8)
Just to answer that question, it wasn't a matter of gravity "dominating" the universe, it's simply that during that epoch gravitational attraction was more powerful than dark energy, and the RATE of expansion was slowing (i.e, not speeding up, reduction in acceleration). Yet the universe itself was still expanding.
Further details of this are available in relation to distant supernova studies, our "standard candles" (we think).
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: not rated yet
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (8)
oliver has exactly 0 training in this field. if you think his work is credible it says alot about yours.
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
To be honest I'm still trying to get to grips with QCD, and I can't imagine being able to comment on this for or against without being a QCD expert (or an astrophysicist I guess).
Which unfortunately leads me to having to take your ideas like I take any physics idea that I don't understand yet, and put it to the side for now.
Anyway, fun theory regardless.
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 4.8 / 5 (4)
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (7)
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (5)
Thanks, Pete1983. It is wise to admit what we do not know.
Professor Paul K. Kuroda was my graduate research advisor in chemistry.
www.omatumr.com/a...aphy.pdf
www.omatumr.com/a...itic.pdf
Professor John H. Reynolds was my post-doctoral research advisor in physics.
www.nap.edu/html/...olds.pdf
All is well,
Oliver
Lao Tzu: "To know that you do not know is best.
To pretend to know what you do not know is a disease."
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (5)
I've reported you for posting abusive comments. I'm posting this is so you know who reported you to prevent personal attacks on all and sundry. You might want to re-read what you've posted today and consider whether you should be posting to this forum if all you have to contribute is vitriol and abuse!
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 2 / 5 (1)
That being said I'm not exactly going around making friends with child-molesters! But in this case, it's an internet discussion, I can't really make any character judgements on here. Also it's physics/maths, they make no judgements.
Anyway, @Oliver - It's not so much wise to admit we do not know, as just obvious I think! We only woke up to science really in the last few hundred years. We know NOTHING, pretty much.
Aug 22, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
I agree. Here's our choice:
a.) Enjoy a life of continuous discovery, by admitting that you do not know, or
b.) Fool yourself into thinking that you know and live a miserable life, learning nothing new and telling others that they are not as smart as you think you are.
Only a complete fool would choose b.)
With kind regards,
Oliver
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: not rated yet
"I know that I know nothing"
I can't help but get the impression that the world would be a much better place if only people read more of the classics.
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (8)
You simply dont understand the full situation. I've not lied or said anything that cant be found by looking online. Do some research into oliver and his constant attacks of modern science as a huge global conspiracy thats a bunch of liars when he lied and pretended to be a decent human while molesting his own children and lying and conspiring to stop information to get out(the info of him molesting his children.) Also, I dont really care what others think on this, i believe its for the good of society i reveal olivers lies and disgusting past and im not going to stop. Sorry
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (4)
I've seen many people on physorg go on and on about a global conspiracy by scientists to not let anyone know that the big bang didn't really happen and it was a fairy or something, so I'm well aware of what you mean when you say this. However Oliver doesn't seem to just out and attack anything, he just quietly keeps uploading his pdfs, and thats about it. It's not THAT horrible.
As far as the stuff you're talking about in relation to his personal character, I simply do not care. He is American, and I've never met a sane American. To say he's evil and out of his mind just means he is American, as all Americans seem to worship the god of money, which makes them all quite nuts. Not as nuts as people who believe in God, but pretty close.
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (8)
Dr. Oliver Manuel arrested for multiple counts of rape and sodomy of his children
By Michele Martin on 8/30/06 Share Facebook Twitter del.icio.us
The allegations that are being prosecuted came from four of Manuels children. Sharon Manuel, 50, his adopted daughter, alleged the abuse took place from the time she was 6 to 14 years old. Oliver Manuel Jr., 43, his biological son, alleged that the abuse took place from the time he was 11 to 17 years old. James Rosenburg, 34, his stepson, alleged the abuse took place from the time he was 7 to 17 years old. Sirikka Llohoefner, 27, his biological daughter alleged the abuse took place from the time she was 5 to 11 years old
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
I'll give it to oliver that ever since ethel red finally started showing olivers theories many flaws which oliver refused to discuss other than repeat the same stuff that he just said over and over again he has not attacked too many people over actual science and has been going off in rants on the global conspiracy theory of his.
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
Anyway I don't know what to make of these allegations of yours js. I can't find any reference online to them beyond google references to sites that don't respond...
Either way, it does not matter sir! Let it go. Oliver is clearly going to be around for a while, my searching has shown he's been at this for 7 years or so, and I don't think you're going to change his mind anytime soon.
Let it go and go read the article about the beer yeast... and then go have a beer. Thats what I'm going to do.
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (11)
Anytime Oliver wants to start answering the questions he pretends don't exist then he will have begun to behave like a real scientist instead of a spamming crank.
Please keep in mind that Oliver has never even taken one astronomy class yet he attacks astronomers frequently. He has no more education on QM than I do and less on astronomy. He is not some god just because he has PhD behind his name. He has to have actual evidence and he doesn't. Read his papers. I have.
Then note that he mostly cites himself and none of the other people he cites agree with him.
Ethelred
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (12)
And he never backed Oliver.
NO physicist or astronomer has backed Oliver. Not even the people he cites in his papers. The evidence does not back Oliver.
So when are you going to do that in regards to the questions I keep asking. I have even suggested that you do so if you can't produce any evidence. Instead you pretend the questions weren't asked.
However that was a false dichotomy since there are many other options. Only a complete ass would those two were the only options for going through life.
Ethelred
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Anyway, I get it, you guys are obviously very sick of dealing with Oliver, and thats fine, but just don't get too caught up in it. The internet is a playground, and I wouldn't have it any other way.
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
kevin, give it up already. so annoyed at reading your posts...go find another site to troll, errr wait, im sure your covering all the popular sites that mash w your views, as a matter of fact is that you i argue with on natgeo all the time? pfft. if its not you im sure its one of your creationist buddies...you all troll out and cover a site then report back to the head toolbag about your days rants and raves.
mission accomplished.
ironically, sending out about the same message as George W sent when he stood under that banner back in what was it '03?
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (7)
Barakn posted the first information about this on this web site. I followed up because I am not going to take one persons word.
https://www.court...seNumber
Case number
08BA-CR00444
Sorry but I can't get direct link to the case. You can use the case number in the search. Then click on the case number since it does not take you directly to the case.
Description: Attmpt-Sodomy { Felony C RSMo: 566.060/564.011 }
Disposition: Guilty Plea - 07/24/2008
IMPOSITION OF SENTENCE SUSPENDED AND DEFT. PLACED ON 5 YEARS SUPERVISED PROBATION ON CONDITIONS (SEE DOCKET ENTRY)
The Docket Entries tab has the most information
More
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (10)
http://www.mshp.d...leName=K
No it does not make his science invalid. The lack of supporting evidence does that. It does make him an unreliable source of uncorroborated information. Most of what he posts is uncorroborated and he really does evade relevant questions.
Did I leave out an important word again?
Nope.
He has NOT done that. Only one single time in the two years I have been asking him relevant questions has he admitted that he couldn't answer whatever it was. Just once. Don't remember what it was. I have asked a LOT of questions since and mostly he pretends they are invisible. Or reposts the papers that are in question.
Ethelred
Aug 23, 2011
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
Aug 24, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
Aug 24, 2011
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (8)
Actually we do. We have multiple standard candles for checking distances. Not just one. We don't know PERFECTLY the distances but we sure do have ample evidence to say that the distances to the nearest galaxies is reasonably accurate. The farther galaxies that have only been checked by their red shift is more iffy but the error range isn't so bad that we should pretend that we don't have a clue when we most certainly do. So far supernova evidence supports the redshift evidence to a reasonable degree.
If you want to claim that we don't know shit you had better be able show why you think that. Otherwise you haven't a leg to stand on.
Ethelred
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (7)
Is he really? Please point to the relevant work on neutron repulsion that is not from Oliver (and more of his self-referential, independently-uncorroborated papers). Ethelred, barakn, jsdd, myself and others have tried numerous times to discuss *science* with Oliver.
In reply, we get rants about Gore, China, Eisenhower, international conspiracies and coverups and the IPCC-climategate "debacle" instead (and more useless, spammed links to his papers). You want to talk science with Oliver, be my guest. It'll be a one-sided conversation for sure.
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
[Where's that Sag A* SED curve, after all? And why is the sky dark at night?]
*******************crickets*******************
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 1.5 / 5 (8)
Great!
1. Read papers reviewed by nuclear and space scientists,
2. Study the experimental data reported there, and
3. Decide if you are capable of learning.
You can then answer yourself.
1. www.omatumr.com/a...tnuc.pdf
2. www.springerlink....ak3lyrc/
3. www.springerlink....6685079/
4. www.omatumr.com/a...2002.pdf
5. http://arxiv.org/...410717v1
6. www.omatumr.com/a...dity.pdf
etc, etc.
8. http://arxiv.org/...2.1499v1
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
Oliver, thank you for the extensive list of papers and monographs you have coauthored over time supporting your NR notion. Do you have links to *independent* research papers (without your name affixed) by co-authors Bolan, Katragada, Insall, Zhomg, Miller, Friber & Ninham that explicitly back up your NR assertions?
[Study that last question carefully, and decide if you are capable of learning you are (nearly) alone in your crankery]
Where is the *independent* confirmation of NR, galaxy 'fragmentation', pulsar-sun, etc. (and not that lone paper by Toth again, seen it. Ethelred rightly rags you on it on occasion).
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (5)
Do you have a better explanation?
Are you capable of learning?
As stated earlier:
1. Read papers reviewed by nuclear and space scientists,
2. Study the experimental data reported there, and
3. Decide if you are capable of learning.
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: not rated yet
The gravity from out supermassive black hole (galactic center) is supposedly pressed into a giant spinning pancake because of the speed the black hole is spinning and its huge mass. So what kind of distortions to time and space does flat disc of gravity cause?
Aug 27, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (5)
Yes, yes I do doubt the experimental data. Why are there no independent confirmations of your findings? These are not complicated experiments. There should be dozens if not hundreds of confirmatory experiments, yet you can not link ONE independent example of neutron repulsion in the literature. Not one. Only you and your collaborators (and no collaborator on their own) on the aforementioned papers assert NR exists and is not a manifestation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
There is no independent corroboration of your NR hypothesis. Why is that? Some conspiracy I guess.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
your data doesnt prove a supermassive neutron star is in the center of our galaxy. it proves nothing other than the pauli exclusion principle. you've closed your mind a long time ago oliver, the rest of your post is horse shit. i do have a better explanation, but you wouldnt learn anything from it anyway.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
have you actually read his posts? 99% go on about some global conspiracy....not real science. as for your attack on me not being an adult. Whatever, doesnt bother me what you think.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 1.6 / 5 (7)
If you actually read any the papers in detail, you would know that I did not personally generate all of the data. In fact, for the most controversial conclusions, . . .
I routinely used the best available data from the best laboratories.
a.) From the University of Chicago
www.omatumr.com/D...Data.htm
b.) From Brookhaven National Laboratory
www.omatumr.com/D...Data.htm
c.) From Mainz and Cal-tech
www.omatumr.com/D...Data.htm
d.) From Bern, UC-Berkeley, Univ. Minnesota
www.omatumr.com/D...Data.htm
e.) From the $1,000,000,000 Galileo Probe into Jupiter
www.omatumr.com/D...Data.htm
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
I don't question your source of data(for the most part). I question why no other independent, corroborating research exists that backs up your claims. Why no independent replication of your findings using identical data sets? That's what makes no sense.
Independent corroboration. The lack of it speaks volumes.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 1.5 / 5 (8)
I prepared these documents for todays ACS Webinar: Critical Look at Global Warming Data: Wickedly Complex System Called Climate.
http://dl.dropbox...inar.doc
http://dl.dropbox...inar.pdf
I have not yet been allowed to speak, but other critics of AGW are included in the program.
Conclusion: "Group think" consensus science is now waning. You may see this if change in attitude toward both AGW and SSM models.
With kind regards,
Oliver K. Manuel
Former NASA Principal
Investigator for Apollo
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (7)
One of the most important recent papers was Mahaffy, P.R., H. B. Niemann, A. Alpert, S. K.Atreya, J. Demick, T. M. Donahue, D. N. Harpold, and T. C. Owen, Noble Gas Abundance and Isotope Ratios in the Atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer, JGR Planets 105, 15061 - 15071 (2000).
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (7)
With this in mind, Mahaffy et al used EUs (engineering units) almost identical in design to the FU and recalibrated using the actual temperature and pressure profile experienced by the FU during Jupiter descent, as well as using gas mixtures closer to actual Jovian composition.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (7)
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (5)
Thanks for the additional info wrt the Galileo data Oliver refers to frequently in his posts. I remember some of your earlier 'discussion' with a recalcitrant and evasive Oliver but I could not remember the details of the conversation. Again, thank you for the specific references on the Galileo mass spec data, and I daresay Oliver would remain mum on the matter, especially as it pertains to his isotopic Jupiter claims.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (9)
Consensus science? As opposed to random cranks making shit up with no critical support science? Well may you wish for the scientific method to be waning, given your MO.
Aug 28, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (4)
A. In 1983 we predicted [1] the Galileo probe would find excess Xe-136 in Jupiter's He-rich atmosphere.
B. In 1995 the Galileo probe entered Jupiter's Jupiter's He-rich atmosphere and observed excess Xe-136. But the data were hidden.
C. In 1996 I attended the Lunar Science Conference and asked for the data. I was told the data was "normal" and confirmed the SSM. That was untrue.
D. In 1998 I asked Dr. Dan Goldin for the data. He released it immediately and said the data belonged to the American people [2] !
E. H and He isotope data also falsify the SSM [3]
References:
1. "Solar abundances of the elements", Meteoritics 18, 209-222 (1983)
http://www.omatum...nces.pdf
2. Dr. Dan Goldin's response
www.youtube.com/w...IFmZpFco
3. "Abundances of Hydrogen and Helium Isotopes in Jupiter"
www.omatumr.com/a...ietz.pdf
Aug 29, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
why's that? because it goes against your theory? Oliver, you cling to your beliefs despite all the evidence to the contrary.
Aug 29, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (4)
Data that cost American taxpayers $1,000,000,000 were hidden like personal property and misrepresented in meetings.
Why?
Maybe barakn knew the data would undercut claims that Earth's heat source is a stable H-fusion reactor.
I had not yet heard the AGW propaganda story in 1983, when we showed that Apollo data undercuts the SSM dogma.
When the Galileo mission reached Jupiter twelve years later, we still had not heard the AGW propaganda story.
But two expensive space missions that cost over $1,000,000,000 each falsified SSM before we realized that SSM was the cornerstone of the official AGW dogma that emerged in public later.
Aug 29, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (4)
He/she was probably an innocent pawn, misled into believing he/she was doing his/her patriotic duty by hiding experimental data that would disprove the Standard Solar Model.
I doubt if he/she knew that SSM was the cornerstone of the AGW scam that would appear later.
See news reports on yesterday's ACS meeting on climate change:
http://judithcurr...part-ii/
Aug 29, 2011
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (8)
So this data has been available to the public for over a decade, and yet you are the only qualified scientist who has looked at this data and concluded that this is evidence the Sun has a pulsar at its' nucleus?
No *independent* published research exists that uses this 1998 Galileo data to show that the sun is really a pulsar surrounded by a semi-rigid shell of iron-bearing material; or do you have an independent reference discussing the Galileo data that includes your pulsar-sun theory?
@barakn,
"Still waiting for an honest critique...."
Looks like its going to be a long wait. No mention of the scientific critique you offered on the Galileo mass spec results(again). Just more conspiracy theories and politics. And now you're being labeled an agent of disinformation, along with Ethelred, and anyone else who doesn't see the NR "light".
....and denial is a river in Egypt.....
Aug 30, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Sep 01, 2011
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (6)
And that IS Cranking to accuse your opponents of being paid to oppose you. It is also what you do when you don't have a real answer to the very relevant questions.
Ethelred
Oct 07, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Oct 07, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)