First MR images to show complete borders in human cerebral cortex

At the start of the 20th century, Korbinian Brodmann studied the microanatomy of the human cerebral cortex, using numerous preparations stained for this purpose, with an optical microscope. Using this technique, he identified around 47 areas in the brain differing in microstructural properties like size, form and packing density of nerve cells. Stefan Geyer, neuroanatomist and research group leader at the Department of Neurophysics at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, says: “Although it is more than a century old, this work remains the gold standard in structural brain maps. It can be found in almost every single textbook on neuroscience.” Researchers later succeeded in assigning different functions to the areas numbered and chartered in a schematic map by Brodmann. For example, area 4 corresponds to the primary motor cortex, area 17 to the visual cortex.

However, several problems arise when an investigator wants to use the map as a structural guide, the scientist states. Activation can so far only be indirectly correlated to the areas. Geyer: “In MR images, we can see the sulcus but not the area’s borders. The resolution of approximately 1 to 2 mm per voxel in MR images has so far not been high enough. Microstructure could only be investigated post-mortem using a microscope – just like a century ago.” It can be very difficult to correctly interpret functional activation without being able to clearly distinguish area borders which can vary from subject to subject.

A new generation of MRI scanners with ultra-high field strength and a possible resolution of under 0.5mm can now solve this problem. Using their ultra-high field 7Tesla MRI scanner, researchers from the Department of Neurophysics succeeded in making the functionally important border between primary motor and somatosensory cortex much more clearly visible in the brains of living volunteers. This achievement opens up a completely new approach in the direction of an individually specific map of the cortex. It is also a first step towards making direct comparisons between microstructure and function in the living human brain possible.

More information: Stefan Geyer, et al. Microstructural parcellation of the human cerebral cortex - From Brodmann's post-mortem map to in vivo mapping with high-field magnetic resonance imaging Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, Article 19, February 2011.

Provided by Max Planck Institute