New evidence supports 'Snowball Earth' as trigger for early animal evolution
This image shows a close-up view of a field sample of 2.7 billion-year-old iron formation from Zimbabwe used in the study. The red color is caused by the iron oxide mineral hematite. Credit: Lyons lab, UC Riverside
A team of scientists, led by biogeochemists at the University of California, Riverside, has found new evidence linking "Snowball Earth" glacial events to the rise of early animals.
The controversial Snowball Earth hypothesis posits that the Earth was covered from pole to pole by a thick sheet of ice lasting, on several occasions, for millions of years. These glaciations, the most severe in Earth history, occurred from 750 to 580 million years ago. The researchers argue that the oceans in the aftermath of these events were rich in phosphorus, a nutrient that controls the abundance of life in the oceans.
The UC Riverside team and colleagues tracked phosphorus concentrations through Earth's history by analyzing the composition of iron-rich chemical precipitates that accumulated on the seafloor and scavenged phosphorus from seawater. Their analyses revealed that there was a pronounced spike in marine phosphorus levels in the mid-Neoproterozoic (from ~750 to ~635 million years ago).
To explain these anomalously high concentrations, the researchers argue that the increase in erosion and chemical weathering on land that accompanied Snowball Earth glacial events led to the high amounts phosphorus in the ocean. The abundance of this nutrient, which is essential for life, in turn, led to a spike in oxygen production via photosynthesis and its accumulation in the atmosphere, facilitating the emergence of complex life on Earth.
Study results appear in the Oct. 28 issue of Nature.
Image shows an example of drill core of the chemical sediments called iron formations that the UCR-based team used to track marine Phosphorus concentrations. The core is from the approximately 2.2 billion-year-old Hotazel Formation from South Africa. Credit: Lyons lab, UC Riverside.
"In the geological record, we found a signature for high marine phosphorus concentrations appearing in the immediate aftermath of the Snowball Earth glacial events," said Noah Planavsky, the first author of the research paper and a graduate student in the Department of Earth Sciences. "Phosphorus ultimately limits net primary productivity on geological timescales. Therefore, high marine phosphorus levels would have facilitated a shift to a more oxygen-rich ocean-atmosphere system. This shift could have paved the way for the rise of animals and their ecological diversification. Our work provides a mechanistic link between extensive Neoproterozoic glaciations and early animal evolution."
Planavsky explained the link between marine phosphorus concentrations and the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere.
"High phosphorus levels would have increased biological productivity in the ocean and the associated production of oxygen by photosynthesis," he said. "Much of this organic matter is consumed, in turn, as a result of respiration reactions that also consume oxygen. However, the burial of some proportion of the organic matter results in a net increase of oxygen levels in the atmosphere."
Until now, scientists believed that geochemical conditions in the iron-rich ocean would have led to low phosphorus concentrations. The UC Riverside researchers found no evidence of a phosphorus crisis after Snowball Earth glacial events, however, finding instead indications of an abundance of phosphorus.
"There are several known chemical fingerprints for increasing oxygen in the ocean and, by inference, in the atmosphere during the middle part of Neoproterozoic, and the rise of animals is an expected consequence," said Timothy Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry and the senior investigator in the study. "But our results may be the first to capture the nutrient driver that was behind this major step in the history of life, and that driver was ultimately tied to the extreme climate of the period."
The researchers present data from approximately 700 individual samples of iron-oxide-rich rocks that included new results as well as those obtained from a comprehensive survey of the literature.
Provided by University of California -- Riverside
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Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1.1 / 5 (37)
BTW As a curiosity, the same post was downvoted with -18 points in this topic (no positive vote occurred there):
http://www.physor...ife.html
(by frajo, Mesafina, Skeptic_Heretic, yOnsa, Modernmystic, ShotmanMaslo, Coach, danman5000, Thrasymachus and many others)
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (14)
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1.1 / 5 (28)
I'm sure, when Albert Einstein would wrote some insight at Physorg, he would get even lower credit from other readers here, because Physorg attracts trolls in some mysterious way and for troll every intelligent is just a jackass.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (17)
I downvote his posts when he writes something completely insane, self-contradictory, unsupported or contrary to evidence...and if I can still muster the mental energy to click the vote meter after stuff like "The formation of sexual reproduction and dimorphism during precambrian event (snowball Earth period) corresponds the condensation of gravitons into fermions and bosons during Big Bang during universe cooling." How can this be the product of anything other than psychosis?
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (26)
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (10)
What sort of a fantasy world do you live in?
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1.2 / 5 (26)
What this model is good for? It can explain for example the missing antimatter and/or the homochirality of life.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1.3 / 5 (28)
The surface of lipidic bilayer exhibits superhydrophobicity due its high curvature in small droplets. The molecules of sugars are attracted to outer surface preferentially, whereas the molecules of proteins tend to condense inside of them. The opposite surface curvature leads to absorption of chiral antipodes at both sides.
Females and males are chiral objects, too. They're behaving like particles of matter and antimatter in certain aspects. Can you find some?
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (14)
And I'll do it again here. Mainly because this statement:
makes absolutely no sense at all. Nor does your "clarification" (if you can call it that) in subsequent posts. The word "praoceans" that you used repeatedly above is meaningless, and (though it wasn't mentioned here) your notion of a "more dense vacuum" is equally nonsensical. That, and you're obsession with foam is a little concerning.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 1.2 / 5 (26)
The prokaryota cells didn't disappear from biosphere during this in the same way, like the antimatter or boson particles didn't disappear from our universe after matter formation - they're surrounding eukaryotic organism in similar way, like antimatter particles are surrounding material objects in diaspora. Actually the total mass of bacteria exceeds the mass of eukaryota in the same way, like the total mass of dark matter exceeds the mass of visible matter.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (15)
Brrrrriiinnng! Fail. To begin with, gravitons are still just a hypothetical particle, so to treat them as a given off the bat and assign them properties that are off the wall is a total fail. 2nd, even if they do exist they are theorized to have such a minuscule interaction cross section with other particles that interaction virtually never happens (even far, far less than with neutrinos). So there's no way to "cool" them unless you're thinking of something like the crackpot "tired light" syndrome. 3rd as a fundamental particle there's nothing ambivilent about it: IT'S SPIN 2 SO IT WOULD BE A BOSON YOU [insert your ad homonym of choice here]. Nothing fermionic about it. As usual you fail on all counts. Not that it ever seems to bother you. Gads, acid, maybe it's acid.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (7)
To prevent future misunderstandings, I suggest you adjust your brain chip settings to translate from Moonbat to English BEFORE you post your comments
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (7)
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
I really fail to see that stating any similarity that may appear between a living organism and its evolution and matter/Energy and various characteristics in any way helps clarify or explain or expand on evolutionary benefits that may have accrued due to snow ball earth.
I think it is your attempts to link the subatomic with life evolutionary effects that is one of your undoings. Life evolution is chemical in essence but that does not mean it bares some relationship with fermions and bosons that is any closer than iron, steel or aluminium which are all useful for making tools from hammers to aeroplanes.
Oct 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Wow, far out man, far out! What kind of weed are you smoking?
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 3.4 / 5 (5)
TDK - THIS IS SO OBVIOUS. Was there any need to even write it
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 1.3 / 5 (13)
It's an equally valid argument and probably a better one at that, that the extraordinary high amounts of phosphorus in the sea was caused by a world-wide flood in recession. This would have dumped millions of tons of sand and other debris into the sea as land masses were uplifted.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (11)
Tell us Kev, if there was a world wide flood, where did the water come from, and where has it gone?
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
It could be the product of an Eliza-like program. I'm seriously considering writing one to mock these retards. I'll bet real money the output will make every bit as much sense.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (7)
I can answer that, as my mother answered me when I asked her the same question. Apparently there are large caves under the oceans and underground that are also filled with water (this is apparently the source of hot springs and hot smokers). They magically emptied themselves uphill for the flood. As with most biblical myths, you have to invoke a miracle to explain the miracle, then invoke another miracle to explain that. It is indeed turtles all the way down!
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (6)
Wow. It's amazing you view this as equally likely. Let's forget all the standard arguments against the flood that seem to disprove it immediately. Let's pretend we were hit in the head and actually want to interpret the babble literally. IF the flood was the reason, do you really think you could reconcile the factor of 80,000 difference in time scales. 10,000 years vs. 800 million years ago? Right? it was supposed to be about 10,000 years ago by literal interpretation. This was 800 million years ago.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (15)
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
It's all about energy...
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (2)
Amen ;-)
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
You joke, but if the base substance of the book is impeached, the entire book is impeachable.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (7)
This is the trouble with creationists and other looney tunes, is they don't understand the concepts of credibility, evidentiary support, or simple logic. They think that it's just a talking game, and if you say A and they say B then it's a 50/50 shot. that's why when you ask them for evidence to back up their position, you get nada -- all they hear is the buzzing like the adults in a Charlie Brown cartoon. Kind of like the old myth that the polynesians couldn't "see" the European ships -- there's just no conceptual connection.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
No it isn't, that's just an opinion, and/or a matter of perspective and it always will be.
Sorry SH you'll just NEVER be in a position to define my faith and spirituality for me, it's just not your job. It's mine and mine alone.
However, in all sincerity, I do believe you're coming from a "good place" in your efforts and thank you in that respect.
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (20)
http://archaeolog...king.htm
http://en.wikiped...e_Crater
http://www.scienc...0931.htm
Oct 28, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (5)
Oct 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Oct 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (8)
Interesting how many of the people you listed actually often disagree on different topics in many different threads yet they all seem to agree your posts warrant 1's.
I wonder why that is...
You just directly compared yourself to Albert Einstein.
Oct 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
And wasn't Einstein the one who gave the definition of insanity as doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different outcome? SWEET! The circle is complete
Oct 30, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Oct 30, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
I don't think it's really that old. There's a dubious line of sources to bring you to that point.
I'd just say that anonymous guy said it. He's a fairly smart guy.
Oct 31, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Oct 31, 2010
Rank: not rated yet